Abstract—The majority of Neoproterozoic rocks exposed in southern Libya, are comprised of intrusive coarse-grained porphyritic, two-mica, and high K-calc alkaline granite. The Jabal Fezzan Granite (JFG) is located in southwestern Libya. In this study, trace elements and whole-rock geochemistry have been used to understand the origin and the process of petrogenesis of the studied granites. The JFG is high-Si, Rb, Y, Nb, and (ASI values greater than 1.1). Mineralogically, it is characterized by the presence of minor muscovite and biotite and a lack of hornblende, exhibiting features of S-type granites, and having a character that belongs to an alkali-calcic series. According to geochemical value, light REE-enriched, characterized by moderate

enrichments in LREE (La/Sm), HREE, and weak negative Eu-anomalies. The geochemical modeling of the reveals that the JFG derived from the melting of the crust and underwent high fractional crystallization of plagioclase and K-feldspar at (H-P) conditions (750–980°C/1–4 GPa). The Jabal Fezzan (JFG(~50%) ) formed during Pan-African orogenic events during the destabilization of the interior Saharan metacraton due to compression stress and transpressive movements along pre-existing weakness and reactivation of shear zones inherited from Paleoproterozoic evolution. The Neoproterozoic basement forms the northernmost margin of the intracratonic Muruzq Basin, as evidenced by (greenschist facies) and intruded granitic rocksderived at the syn-collision stage (630–540 Ma)

(JFG) .

Background

Safe anaesthesia and surgery are a public health imperative. There are few data describing outcomes for children undergoing anesthesia and surgery in Africa. We aimed to get robust epidemiological data to describe patient care and outcomes for children undergoing anesthesia and surgery in hospitals in Africa.

Methods

This study was a 14-day, international, prospective, observational cohort study of children (aged <18 years) undergoing surgery in Africa. We recruited as many hospitals as possible across all levels of care (first, second, and third) providing surgical treatment. Each hospital recruited all eligible children for a 14-day period commencing on the date chosen by each participating hospital within the study recruitment period from Jan 15 to Dec 23, 2022. Data were collected prospectively for consecutive patients on paper case record forms. The primary outcome was in-hospital postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery and the secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality within 30 days after surgery. We also collected hospital-level data describing equipment, facilities, and protocols available. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05061407.

Findings

We recruited 8625 children from 249 hospitals in 31 African countries. The mean age was 6·1 (SD 4·9) years, with 5675 (66·0%) of 8600 children being male. Most children (6110 [71·2%] of 8579 patients) were from category 1 of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status score undergoing elective surgery (5325 [61·9%] of 8604 patients). Postoperative complications occurred in 1532 (18·0%) of 8515 children, predominated by infections (971 [11·4%] of 8538 children). Deaths occurred in 199 (2·3%) of 8596 patients, 169 (84·9%) of 199 patients following emergency surgeries. Deaths following postoperative complications occurred in 166 (10·8%) of 1530 complications. Operating rooms were reported as safe for anaesthesia and surgery for neonates (121 [54·3%] of 223 hospitals), infants (147 [65·9%] of 223 hospitals), and children younger than 6 years (188 [84·3%] of 223 hospitals).

Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction of Mobile Banking in Libya

The primary aim of the current study was to

evaluate and compare antioxidant activity in

leaves and flowers extracts of arbutus pavarii.

For the purpose, the antioxidant potential of

crude methanol extracts of arbutus pavarii was

screened in vitro using reducing power,

phosphor molybdenum assay, and radical

scavenging activity by employing DPPH, NO,

.OH methods as well as ferric thiocyanate (FTC)

and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) tests to confirm

the antioxidant potential of these extracts.

Resultantly, it was confirmed that the leaves

extract (LE) has displayed higher reducing

ability compared with flowers extract (FE). The

maximum antioxidant activity was found it in

leaves methanol extract (199.38±12.73 mg of

ascorbic acid/g of dry weight). The Methanolic

LE was able to reduce the DPPH concentration

with an IC50 of 1.09 ± mg/mL, which was

noticeable stronger (P < 0.01) than that of the

positive control (ascorbic acid), (IC50 = 0.01 ±

1.6 mg/mL) and FE (IC50= 1.25 ± mg/mL) as

well. The LE showed slightly inhibited .OH

radical (IC50, 0.78 mg/mL) compared with FE

(IC50, 0.91 mg/ml). The obtained results of this

investigation indicated the usefulness of

utilization of arbutus pavarii leaves as a reliable

source of antioxidants for nutritive and

industrial purposes.

This study outlines how Libya could become sustainable if it so chooses, the world is moving rapidly towards a transition to environmental sustainability after the dangers of using fossil fuels 

and excessive use of natural resources without taking into account the environmental aspects have become publicly clear through of the phenomenon of Global warming and climate change. The aim of this study is to identify opportunities for decision-makers in Libya to intensify environmental management and move towardssustainability methods by preserving the three main natural resources in Libya (water, oil, and gas). The paramount needs are to make the water supply sustainable and to make a transition to renewable energy as fast as possible, both water and oil stocks are depleting and will become scarce unless conserved, sales receipts from Libya’s declining oil and gas resources could be allocated to accelerate the transition to solar electricity, which should fast  become the most profitable and sustainable export to Europe. Conservation of hydrocarbons is essential to boost oil and gas exports to finance solar electricity, the main opportunity is to conserve Libya’s three main natural resources, water, oil and gas. Conservation of these resources will firmly catalyze Libya’s transition to a sustainable economy while improving the quality of life. This study focuses on water and energy conservation and investment in renewable energy through:1) Benefit from the revenues of oil and gas, which are considered as revenues temporary and exhaustible to create sustainable development based on renewable energy in most economic activities. 2) Transform Libya from a producer and exporter of fossil fuels to a country producer and exporter of clean energy, such as energy generated from wind and sun. Libya enjoys a privileged location near the continent of Europe can be an important source of electricity generated from solar energy to Europe. 3) Reduce fossil fuel consumption which increases the life of its reserves, and this leads to a reduction in the proportion of greenhouse gas emissions, the main cause of global warming.4) Maintain the groundwater and the rationalization of consumption.5) Create new job opportunities foryoung people Libyan, because the transformation project for the sustainable economy requires a lot of development projects that need to be 

trained workforce and efficient.6)Libya is a unique nation in many ways: especially its location that contains the highest solar insolation on the planet, so the daily average of horizontal solar radiation is 7.1 kWh/m²/day, with an average sun duration of more 

than 3,500 hours per year. 7) Accelerating the development of solar and wind energy will enable Libya to export hydrocarbons for a longer period.

In today's digital age, Facebook has become an integral part of our daily lives, with millions of users worldwide spending a significant amount of time on Facebook. With the rise of Facebook usage, advertising has also become increasingly prevalent on this platform. This study aims to expend the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to investigate the effect of Facebook ads on engagement behavior. Although the (TPB) is considered a robust method for studying actual behavior, it has been criticized for its limited explanatory power and failure to account for rational and emotional processes that influence human behavior. The conceptual model proposed in this study will contribute to understanding how Facebook ads influence engagement behavior in deferent contexts.

Keywords: Facebook advertising, engagement behavior, subjective norms, behavioral intention, and perceived behavioral control.