Abstract The study aims to identify the adaptation strategies used by parasites to survive within the host and to clarify the mechanisms these parasites rely on to evade the host's immune system, on the one hand, and to resist antibiotics, on the other. The study also aims to propose ways to overcome these strategies and the proposed pharmacological or biological interactions. This is done using a methodology based on a literature review of previous studies and research, especially those that are reliable and free of bias in data or results. The results indicated that there are several strategies for adapting to the host, including altering surface proteins to evade immune recognition, in addition to secreting immune-suppressing molecules and hiding within protected cells or tissues such as the liver or blood. Some parasites produce enzymes that degrade antibodies, while others reduce the activity of immune cells. To overcome these strategies, it is necessary to develop drugs that target these enzymes and altered surface proteins and apply them. Vaccines to stimulate the immune system and the use of inhibitors of immune masking pathways, in addition to relying on modern techniques such as gene therapy to combat the adaptation strategies used by parasites to survive within the host.

Keywords: adaptation strategies, parasites, host, coping mechanisms, pharmacological interventions, immunity, research review.

ملخص

تهدف الدراسة إلى تحديد استراتيجيات التكيف التي تستخدمها الطفيليات للبقاء على قيد الحياة داخل المضيييييييف، وتلييييييييت امليات التي تعتمد عليها للت الطفيليات للتهر م الجهاز المناعي للمضي ي ييف م جهة، ومقاومة المضي ي يادات الحيلية م جهة خر كما تهدف الدراسييييية إلى اقترا ر ق للتغلب على للت االسي ي يت ارتيجيات والتفاعوت الدوا ية و البيلللجية المقترحة ويتم ذلك باسييييتخداه منهجية تعتمد على مراجعة األد يات للدراسيييات واألبحاث السيييييييابقة، وخاويييييييية تلك الملحلقة والخالية م التحيز ئي البيانات و النتا و شيييييارت النتا إلى وجلد عدة اسيييييتراتيجيات للتكيف مع المضييييييف، بما ئي ذلك تغيير البروتينات السييييييطحية للتهر م التعرف المناعي، باإلييييييييائة إلى إئراز جزي ات ت بي المنياعية واالختبياء داخيل الخوويا و األنسييييييييييجية المحميية م يل الكبيد و اليده تنت بع الطفيليات إنزيمات تحلل األجسيياه المضييادة، ينما وقلل البع امخر م نشييا الخووا المناعية وللتغلب على للت االسي يت ارتيجيات، م الضي يرورو تطلير دوية تسيي يتهدف للت اإلنزيميات والبروتينيات السييييييييييطحيية المتغيرة وتطبيقهيا وتطلير لقياحيات لتحفيز الجهياز المناعي واستخداه م بطات مسارات إخفاء المناعة، باإليائة إلى االعتماد على التقنيات الحدي ة م ل العوج الجيني لمكائحة اسيييييييييتراتيجيات التكيف التي تسيييييييييتخدمها الطفيليات للبقاء على قيد الحياة داخل المضيف الكلمات المفتاحية: استراتيجيات التكيف، الطفيليات، المضيف، آليات التأقلم، التدخوت الدوا ية، المناعة، مراجعة األبحاث

Book recommendation systems (BRSs) play a vital role in digital libraries, online bookstores, and e-learning platforms by assisting users in discovering relevant content from vast collections. Traditional methods, such as collaborative filtering (CF), content-based filtering (CBF), and hybrid techniques, have historically formed the foundation of BRSs; however, they suffer from limitations including the cold-start problem, data sparsity, and overspecialization. In recent years, deep learning–based approaches have emerged as powerful alternatives, leveraging architectures such as CNNs, RNNs, BERT, and Neural Collaborative Filtering (NCF) to capture complex user–item interactions and support multimodal integration. This survey is the first to systematically review book recommendation systems published between 2020 and February 2025, filling a critical gap left by earlier studies that did not comprehensively examine this recent period of accelerated research. The paper introduces a novel taxonomy of BRSs that classifies systems according to methodological foundations, approaches, datasets, and evaluation metrics, while also identifying recurring challenges and emerging trends. The findings reveal a clear methodological transition from similarity-driven approaches to neural representation learning, reflecting the increasing demand for intelligent, scalable, and adaptive solutions. Traditional methods, however, remain essential as baseline models for benchmarking and comparative evaluation.

Abstract:

The Jabal Fezzan's xenolith has been intruded during Pan-African metamorphism, characterized by (high pressure and medium temperature), this process results in the formation of the biotite, muscovite, and kyanite metamorphic zones. There is a slight increase in the degree of metamorphism as it reaches the biotite zone. It consists of foliated, medium- to coarse-grained schists, mostly biotite, muscovite, and kyanite, additionally plagioclase and quartz, as well as zircon, rutile, and Fe oxides. The microscopical evidence indicates that iron-rich biotite in pelitic schists undergoes a series of chemical reactions that cause it to be formed and transformed into other minerals. P-T diagrams suggest that rocks in the study area might have been formed during collisions and decompressions of thickened continental crust. They are derived from sedimentary rocks such as greywacke, which contain high levels of Si4+ and Al3+. As P-T conditions pass through, the biotite isograd and biotite forms. This study highlighted the oldest metamorphic rocks in southern Libya, enhancing the understanding of the mantle source protolith metasomatism, and reducing the information gap between petrochemical significance and the evolutionary stage of Pan-African metamorphism in southern Libya through study xenolith outcrops in more detail.







Background: Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, often linked to genetic mutations affecting pulmonary surfactant metabolism. Mutations in genes such as SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD, ABCA3, and NKX2-1 have been implicated in surfactant dysfunction and IRDS pathogenesis. However, the functional consequences of many nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) remain poorly characterized. Objective: This study aims to identify and prioritize potentially deleterious nsSNPs in surfactant-associated genes using an integrated computational approach, providing insights into their structural and functional impacts for future experimental validation. Methods: We performed a comprehensive in silico analysis of rare missense variants (MAF < 1%) obtained from public databases (dbSNP, ClinVar, UniProt). Functional impact was predicted using SIFT, PolyPhen-2, Panther, and CADD. Protein stability changes were assessed using I-Mutant2.0 and MUpro. Evolutionary conservation was evaluated via ConSurf, and structural modeling was carried out with AlphaFold, SWISS-MODEL, PyMOL, and GROMACS to analyze RMSD and hydrogen bonding patterns. Results: Mutation frequency analysis revealed ABCA3 as the most variant-rich gene (n = 36,391), while SFTPD had the lowest mutation load (n = 4,646). Consensus prediction identified several high-risk nsSNPs, including R276W (SFTPB), V48M (SFTPC), G86E (SFTPA2), and P131T (SFTPD), consistently classified as damaging across tools. Protein stability analysis confirmed significant destabilization for R276W (SFTPB) and V48M (SFTPC). Structural modeling showed increased RMSD and reduced hydrogen bonds in variants such as G123V (SFTPA1) and G100S (SFTPC), indicating potential structural disruption. Highly conserved residues (ConSurf score ≥ 7), especially those involving glycine or proline substitutions, were more likely to be functionally critical. Conclusion: This comprehensive in silico analysis identifies several high-confidence deleterious nsSNPs that may contribute to surfactant dysfunction and IRDS pathogenesis. These findings offer valuable insights for future functional studies and may aid in the development of targeted genetic screening strategies for IRDS risk assessment.

This study explores the impact of various teaching methods on the development of English language skills in non-native speakers. With the growing importance of English as a global communication tool, effective teaching strategies are essential for enhancing learners’ proficiency in speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The research compares traditional and modern teaching methods, evaluating their effectiveness in improving students' language skills and their overall learning experiences. Additionally, the study examines the challenges faced by educators and learners in implementing these methods and how they influence language acquisition. The findings aim to provide insights into the most effective teaching practices, offering recommendations for optimizing English language instruction to better serve non-native speakers. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to improve language education and aims to support the development of practical, adaptable teaching methods that meet the needs of diverse learners in various educational settings.