Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide contagious disease of humans and other warm-blooded animals, including birds. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for Toxoplasmosis disease, which is clinically manifested chiefly in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Clinical complications include abortion and stillbirths, encephalitis, pneumonia, brain and eye damage, and neonatal mortality. The genus Toxoplasma was first proposed in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux following the identification of asexual stages of similar parasites in the tissues of birds and mammals, and merozoites in the blood of North African rodents, Ctenodactylus gundi. At about the same time, Splendore independently described Toxoplasma in laboratory rabbits in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Darling probably found it in man in Panama in the same year. Although several species were named, during the 1930s, it was shown that these were identical to the type species T. gondii. During the 1960, scientists provided evidence for the coccidian nature of the parasite. Then, between 1960 and 1970, the heterogeneous life cycle was elucidated by the discovery of sexual stages in the small intestine of cats, which followed the induction of infection in intermediate hosts by inoculation with cat feces. This review seeks to study the parasite and its responsibility to cause disease, condition prevalence, clinical manifestations accompanied by infection, and treatment protocols.

Nanotechnology is a modern technology and has many applications that include the manufacture of molecules or particles in the range of the nanoscale. Nanotechnology from the Greek word nano, meaning "dwarf". Nanoparticles are defined as single particles whose dimensions do not exceed 100 nanometers. The unique properties and features of nanoparticles are due to their small size, in addition to their chemical composition and surface structure. Different materials at the nanoscale lead to the development of new properties in industrial products, resulting in a real and impressive increase in industrial and medical applications. In this review, we will learn about this technology, its history, and the characteristics and shapes of nanoparticles. The focus will be on the application of nanotechnology in medicine, particularly in engineering living tissues with nanoscale scaffolds that simulate the functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tissue recovery, replacement, and regeneration. It turns out that stem cells attached to a scaffold are more successful in adapting to their environment and performing the task of regeneration. The nerve endings in the body are attached to the scaffolding by weaving between the openings. This will cause them to act as a bridge to connect the cut sections. Over time, the scaffolds will dissolve and exit the body safely, leaving intact nerves in place. Some of the successfully used scaffolds are briefly identified, such as bone scaffolds, cardiac muscle scaffolds, and spinal cord engineering.

Energy storage technologies (EST) are becoming the primary facilitator of electric vehicle (EV) performance, efficiency, and sustainability as transportation electrification advances. Under the aegis of five interrelated research dimensions, the paper thoroughly examines the role, development, and enhancement of energy storage systems (ESS) in the EV ecosystem. With special attention to the evolution of traditional hybrid and plug-in hybrid into the noticeably more advanced battery-electric and fuel-cell platforms, the development, classification, and comparison of EV technologies are evaluated at the outset. Evaluation indicates that fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and hybrid architectures are pushing the operational envelope for applications that need more load and range. With the recent development of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and the current lithium-ion technology standard, short- and medium-range electric vehicles now have a commercially viable route. The popularity of the ESS as an essential component of EVs is further investigated, as is its role in energy management, regenerative braking, and power delivery systems. Certain energy, power density, charge rate, and life-cycle efficiency have been described for storage technologies in electrochemical, hybrid, chemical, electrical, and mechanical configurations. The third section evaluates ESTs using performance metrics like energy density, power density, round trip efficiency, thermal stability, and cost per kilowatthour while addressing technology trade-offs.

Rare-earth (RE) elements are crucial in the advancement of high-temperature superconductors, ranging from the well-known RE-Ba-Cu-O (REBCO) cuprates to the recently discovered highpressure rare-earth polyhydrides. This theoretical study delves into the fundamental challenges

encountered when integrating rare-earth elements into superconducting lattices. We specifically address the inherent antagonism between the local magnetic moments of 4f electrons and the formation of Cooper pairs, the complexities involved in modeling highly correlated electronic states, and the stringent structural stability requirements for high-T_c phases. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and advanced theoretical models, including the Abrikosov-Gorkov theory and Density Functional Theory (DFT) with Hubbard corrections (DFT+U), we pinpoint the critical factors that either limit or enhance superconductivity in these intricate systems. Our findings indicate that while non-magnetic rare-earth elements such as Lanthanum (La) and Yttrium (Y) facilitate the highest transition temperatures (T_c) in hydride systems, the magnetic rare-earth series offers a unique platform for exploring the coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity, despite presenting substantial theoretical and experimental hurdles. This paper aims to provide a foundational understanding of these challenges and propose future research directions to overcome them, ultimately contributing to the quest for room-temperature superconductivity..

This study aims to identify the most suitable water treatment plant among various alternativesu,including,surface Wates, groundwater, RO seawater desalination, thermal desalination (MSF/MED) secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment, industrial, stormwater, and sludge or advanced reuse treatment plants. The evaluation considers key technical, economic, and environmental criteria such as water quality, CapitaLand maintenance costs, energy consumption, environment impact. waste generation, implementation time, operational efficiency, operational risk, and space requirements. The M-polar fuzzy soft set method is applied to systematically handle uncertainty and select the optimal water treatment plant

Keywords: Surface Water Treatment Plants, Operational Efficiency, Optimization, Desalination

AMS Classification: 03E72, 47S40

This paper presents a comprehensive field-based analysis of the stratigraphic successions and depositional environments in the Jabal Al-Hasawna and Wadi Ash-Shatti regions of southwestern Libya. Based on a detailed seven-day geological field excursion, the study documents a chronological sequence ranging from the Precambrian basement to Quaternary deposits, with a primary focus on the Paleozoic strata. Key formations investigated include the Al-Hasawna (Late Cambrian), Tanazzuft (Silurian), and the Devonian Awaynat Wanin Group (Bir Al-Qasr, Edri, Quttah, Dabdab, Tarut, and Ashkidah formations). The field data reveal a dynamic geological history characterized by significant transgressive-regressive cycles. The transition from the stable cratonic basement to the fluviodeltaic Al-Hasawna Formation is marked by a profound nonconformity. Subsequent Silurian marine transgressions deposited the graptolitic shales of the Tanazzuft Formation. The Devonian successions are notably characterized by coarsening-upward progradational cycles, intense bioturbation (dominated by Skolithos and Tigillites ichnofacies), and the widespread occurrence of ferruginous oolitic sandstones, indicating storm-dominated, shallow marine to restricted lagoonal environments. By integrating lithological, ichnological, and structural field observations across multiple sites, this study provides a unified model of the region's stratigraphic evolution, highlighting the complex interplay between sea-level fluctuations, sediment supply, and tectonic stability.

The broad applicability of fractional calculus to modeling physical phenomena via fractional differential equations, along with their complexity, has created substantial demand for efficient analytic and semi-analytic techniques for solving them. This paper has derived a numerical approach to solving a specific class of fractal fractional differential equations (FFDEs) involving the Generalized Caputo-type (GC) of a function with respect to another function, or fractal-Ψ-GC, which is shown in this study. The approach is based on an operational matrix (OM) of the fractal fractional derivative of a novel form of orthogonal polynomial. The Ψ-normalized shifted Legendre polynomials (NSLP) and Ψ-shifted Legendre polynomials (SLP) are introduced. The main characteristic of this approach is that it reduces such problems to those of solving a system of algebraic equations, thus greatly simplifying the problem. Examples are provided to portray the efficiency and applicability of this method. Comparison with similar existing approaches is also conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed approach.