Abstract

The purpose of this in vitro study is to investigate the fracture of zirconia in the posterior region and to compare between fracture strength of zirconia crowns and porcelain fused to metal restorations. Twenty human maxillary premolars were prepared for two zirconia all-ceramic crown systems with the following preparation criteria: 6-degree axial taper, 1-mm shoulder finish line, 2-mm occlusal reduction, and occluso-gingival height of 5 mm. All specimens were divided into two groups (n=10) for each ceramic material. In the first group, all prepared premolars were restored by full contour zirconia crowns (mad/mam), while in the second group, all teeth were restored by veneered zirconia crowns. The cores were directly fabricated (Vita In-Ceram blocks) by MAD/MAM and built up with ceramic. All specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine with the compressive load (n) applied along the axis of the specimen. Fracture load was recorded for each specimen. The KruskalWallis test was used first and followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The fracture strength records a highly significant difference between VZ and FZ (p=0 for both tests), irrespective of the type of surface treatment. Contrarily, both tests proved that the surface treatment has no significant effect on fracture resistance, irrespective of the type of material (p=0.72 for median test and p=0.27 for MannWhitney test). The fracture strength of zirconia is high in the posterior region, and full-contour zirconia showed higher fracture strength than veneered zirconia crowns and porcelain fused to metal restorations

Keywords. Fracture Strength, Zirconia

In Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) the applications of a multimedia system like video, audio broadcasting needs the path at which the data transmit might be reliable, delay-sensitive, and energy-efficient one. In addition, the delivery of information in vehicular networks (VANETs) is regarded as a demanding one because of high mobility and invariable topological difference. An existing routing protocol of ad hoc network fail to function better in terms of QoS metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay and so on., where there are heavy traffic and high mobility. So as to overcome the existing drawbacks, the proposed technique is implemented. In the proposed mechanism, the system model is initialized, and the route discovery process is carried by sending a route request. The multipath decision making (MPDM) scheme is employed to ensure the best route availability and the probability of link failure. Once the multipath decision-making condition is satisfied, the route path is established, and the communication takes place based on QoS constraint. Fuzzy based link monitoring scheme is employed to check the probability of link failure. Finally, the performance analysis is carried, and the comparison is made for proposed and existing mechanisms to prove the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

ABSTRACT: Exchange rate plans are the primary focus of all adjustment attempts, as they are designed to enhance a nation's competitiveness in the global market. The hypothesis posits that a devaluation of the currency will have ramifications for the economy, particularly concerning foreign accounts. The hypothesis further posits that a lower exchange rate may stimulate exports and enhance the trade balance. Acknowledging that the anticipated positive outcomes may persist over an extended duration is imperative. This article will methodically examine the interplay between the exchange rate, trade balance, imports, and exports. Our research employs the linear cointegration approach (ARDL) and the non-linear method (NARDL) from 1970 to 2021, with a focus on Libya. The analysis will demonstrate that healthy capital, consumer, and raw material markets are prerequisites for economic growth. Consequently, economic growth necessitates the availability of additional resources. The government must implement a price stabilization program with all relevant stakeholders to achieve the desired trade balance. The substitution of domestic products for imported goods has the potential to improve the nation's trade balance.

Keywords: Trade balance; Imports; Exports; Exchange rate; ARDL; NARDL; Libya.

 We give the approximate solution of the Riccati/Logistic differential equations (RDE/LDE). The suggested approach depends on the homotopy perturbation method developed with the Chebyshev series (CHPM). A study of the convergence analysis of CHPM is presented. The residual error function is calculated and used as a basic criterion in evaluating the accuracy and efficiency of the given numerical technique. We use the exact solution and the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order for comparison with the results of the method used. Through these results, we can confirm that the applied method is an easy and effective tool for the numerical simulation of such models. Illustrative models are given to confirm the validity and usefulness of the proposed procedure. 

Infectious diseases that involve hepatitis B (HBsAg), hepatitis C (HCV), HIV, and syphilis (VDRL) remain significant worldwide health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Libya serves as both a transit and destination point for migrants, creating a unique context for examining the prevalence of these disorders among migrant workers and Libyan citizens. Comprehending variations in illness prevalence based on nationality and employment is essential for formulating targeted public health interventions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HBsAg, HCV, HIV, and VDRL among migrant workers and Libyan nationals undergoing mandatory occupational health screenings. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Reference Laboratory, Western Mountain, Al-Rajban in Libya between December 2023 and February 2024. A total of 1,656 participants were assessed, including 1,434 migrant laborers and 223 Libyan natives. The VDRL test exhibited the greatest chance at 1.6%, followed by HBsAg at 1.4%, HCV at 0.9%, and HIV at 0.2%. Migrant workers had a greater prevalence of HBsAg at 1.6% and slightly elevated rates of HCV and HIV compared to Libyan residents, who reported no instances of these infections. Occupational research indicated that general workers had the largest disease burden, with statistically significant rates of HBsAg at 2.1%, HCV at 1.4%, and VDRL at 2.1%. Specialized workers had low illness rates, perhaps attributable to superior hygiene practices or underreporting. This research underscores the gap in infectious diseases between migrant workers and Libyan citizens, emphasizing the need for focused screening, enhanced workplace safety, and equitable access to preventive healthcare. The findings underscore the need for occupation-specific health interventions to mitigate risk, particularly for high-risk populations such as general laborers. Future research should include longitudinal studies and a larger sample size to validate these results and enhance global health equality. 

This study investigates the current state of solid waste management in the city of Ubari, located in the southwest of Libya, amidst escalating environmental and economic challenges and the absence of an effective and sustainable system for waste handling. The research aims to evaluate the existing situation concerning the collection, transportation, storage, and final disposal of waste, with a focus on daily generated quantities, the composition of household solid waste within the city, the level of public awareness, and the availability of human and material resources. The study estimates the individual waste generation rate to be approximately 1 kg/day, resulting in a total annual production of 17,520 tons. This waste is collected using traditional methods and limited equipment, lacking a sorting or recycling system and exhibiting a near-complete absence of treatment facilities or sanitary landfills. The research also identified several significant obstacles, including insufficient funding and resources, a scarcity of trained personnel, and a weak role in monitoring and law enforcement. The study recommends the necessity of developing a comprehensive waste management strategy grounded in sustainability principles, training local personnel, activating the role of media and environmental education for the community, alongside fostering collaboration between the municipality, governmental bodies, and the private sector to promote and support sustainable waste management.

Keywords: Solid Waste Management, Ubari City, Landfill, Environmental Pollution, Sustainable Waste Management.

Myiasis, the invasion of tissues by fly larvae, is a considerable but overlooked public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The frequency of myiasis in North Africa is affected by geographic, climatic, and socioeconomic variables; yet, there is a paucity of comprehensive information about its treatment across the area. Regional disparities in healthcare infrastructure, cultural customs, and interruptions due to war exacerbate the challenges in addressing this neglected tropical disease (NTD). The goal of this systematic review is to look at differences in how myiasis is treated in different parts of North Africa, focusing on things like epidemiology, preventative measures, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and the healthcare system. The study finds deficiencies in the literature and offers pragmatic suggestions for governments, healthcare practitioners, and academics. A systematic search was performed across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and regional databases like African Journals Online (AJOL). We incorporated research from 2000 to 2025, focusing on human and animal myiasis in North African nations. Data extraction utilized a standardized template, focusing on assessing the quality of high-quality and reliable sources. The research revealed substantial discrepancies in myiasis management across urban and rural regions, and among several North African nations. Urban locations in Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria had superior access to contemporary diagnostic instruments and therapies, while rural regions mainly depended on conventional remedies. Conflict-affected nations such as Libya and Sudan saw significant healthcare interruptions, heightening myiasis. Significant hurdles were restricted diagnostic instruments, erratic public health initiatives, and insufficient data from underreported regions like Mauritania and Western Sahara. Managing regional disparities in myiasis requires focused treatments, enhanced monitoring systems, and cooperation among governments, healthcare professionals, and communities. Future studies must emphasize cost-efficient solutions customized for local circumstances, especially in conflict-affected and disadvantaged areas. By closing gaps in knowledge and practice, we may facilitate more fair and effective management of myiasis across North Africa and beyond.