Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide contagious disease of humans and other warm-blooded animals, including birds. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for Toxoplasmosis disease, which is clinically manifested chiefly in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Clinical complications include abortion and stillbirths, encephalitis, pneumonia, brain and eye damage, and neonatal mortality. The genus Toxoplasma was first proposed in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux following the identification of asexual stages of similar parasites in the tissues of birds and mammals, and merozoites in the blood of North African rodents, Ctenodactylus gundi. At about the same time, Splendore independently described Toxoplasma in laboratory rabbits in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Darling probably found it in man in Panama in the same year. Although several species were named, during the 1930s, it was shown that these were identical to the type species T. gondii. During the 1960, scientists provided evidence for the coccidian nature of the parasite. Then, between 1960 and 1970, the heterogeneous life cycle was elucidated by the discovery of sexual stages in the small intestine of cats, which followed the induction of infection in intermediate hosts by inoculation with cat feces. This review seeks to study the parasite and its responsibility to cause disease, condition prevalence, clinical manifestations accompanied by infection, and treatment protocols.

Abstract

Background: The "iron allergy hypothesis" suggests insufficient iron stores drive T-helper 2 polarisation and promote IgE sensitisation. We studied the association between serum ferritin and total IgE categories among Libyan children with recurrent wheeze. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ali Omar Asker Hospital (Tripoli, Libya) from January 2023 to February 2026.Investigated 150 children aged 2-16 years diagnosed with recurrent wheezing. Serum ferritin and total IgE levels were classified as normal, low, or high based on laboratory ranges. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s Chi-square, Fisher’s exact and Spearman’s rank correlation tests. Results: Among the 150 children, 23.8% had low ferritin, 76.2%were normal, and none were high. Overall, 54.7% had high IgE levels. The results showed IgE levels were nearly the same in both the normal and low ferritin groups (55.6% vs. 54.8%). This difference was not significant (χ² = 0.089, p = 0.912). Also, Spearman’s test confirmed no correlation between the two measures (rho = 0.012, p = 0.883).In subgroups, boys had a significantly higher rate of high IgE than girls (62.5% compared to 43.5%; p = 0.032). Regarding age, high IgE was found in 47.7% of children aged 2-6 years, 56.9% aged 7-11 years, and 58.5% aged 12-16 years. However, these variations were not statistically significant (p = 0.645). Finally, patient atopy and family history showed no significant links to ferritin or IgE levels.

Conclusion: Our study found no association between serum ferritin and total IgE levels in Libyan children with recurrent wheeze. However, the finding of male predominance in elevated IgE warrants more investigation. Further studies are needed to clarify nutrition-immunity interactions in pediatric respiratory diseases.

This paper provides an overview of the theory of Lebesgue integration as one of the fundamental concepts in modern mathematical analysis. It discusses measurable sets, measurable functions, the construction of the Lebesgue integral, and its main convergence theorems. The paper also reviews its applications in probability theory, statistics, functional analysis, Fourier analysis, and partial differential equations. The findings highlight the importance of Lebesgue integration as a powerful and flexible tool for handling limits, convergence, and irregular functions in modern mathematical research.

Rare-earth (RE) elements are crucial in the advancement of high-temperature superconductors, ranging from the well-known RE-Ba-Cu-O (REBCO) cuprates to the recently discovered highpressure rare-earth polyhydrides. This theoretical study delves into the fundamental challenges

encountered when integrating rare-earth elements into superconducting lattices. We specifically address the inherent antagonism between the local magnetic moments of 4f electrons and the formation of Cooper pairs, the complexities involved in modeling highly correlated electronic states, and the stringent structural stability requirements for high-T_c phases. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and advanced theoretical models, including the Abrikosov-Gorkov theory and Density Functional Theory (DFT) with Hubbard corrections (DFT+U), we pinpoint the critical factors that either limit or enhance superconductivity in these intricate systems. Our findings indicate that while non-magnetic rare-earth elements such as Lanthanum (La) and Yttrium (Y) facilitate the highest transition temperatures (T_c) in hydride systems, the magnetic rare-earth series offers a unique platform for exploring the coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity, despite presenting substantial theoretical and experimental hurdles. This paper aims to provide a foundational understanding of these challenges and propose future research directions to overcome them, ultimately contributing to the quest for room-temperature superconductivity..

Background:

Vitamin D deficiency estimated to affect 50% of worldwide population of different civilizations and age groups.

Aim:

This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of vitamin D deficiency among residents of the Aljabal Algharbi region in Libya.

Methods:

A total of 657 laboratory test results were analyzed from patients in six cities: Gharian, Alasabaa, Alzintan, Jadu, Nalut, and Yafrin, covering the period from 2021 to 2024. Patient demographic data, including age and gender, were collected. According to clinical records, all tests were conducted using the Elecsys Vitamin D III Total kit for quantifying serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level of <30 ng/mL, while levels between 30–100 ng/mL were considered sufficient.

Results:

Overall, 506 patients (77%) were found to be vitamin D deficient. The prevalence was significantly higher in females (80%, 366/460) than in males (71%, 140/197) (p < 0.05). Among age groups, the highest deficiency rate (85%) was observed in individuals aged 31–50 years (p < 0.05), while the lowest was recorded in children aged 0-5 years. Multivariate analysis revealed that females (OR: 1.162, 95% CI: 1.015–1.330) and individuals aged 31–50 years (OR: 3.004, 95% CI: 1.197–7.537) were at significantly higher risk of deficiency.

Conclusion:

This study highlights a critical need for targeted public health interventions in the region. A coordinated effort involving healthcare providers, policymakers, and communities is essential to improve vitamin D status and mitigate the associated health risks.

This study aims to identify the most suitable water treatment plant among various alternativesu,including,surface Wates, groundwater, RO seawater desalination, thermal desalination (MSF/MED) secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment, industrial, stormwater, and sludge or advanced reuse treatment plants. The evaluation considers key technical, economic, and environmental criteria such as water quality, CapitaLand maintenance costs, energy consumption, environment impact. waste generation, implementation time, operational efficiency, operational risk, and space requirements. The M-polar fuzzy soft set method is applied to systematically handle uncertainty and select the optimal water treatment plant

Keywords: Surface Water Treatment Plants, Operational Efficiency, Optimization, Desalination

AMS Classification: 03E72, 47S40

This paper presents a comprehensive field-based analysis of the stratigraphic successions and depositional environments in the Jabal Al-Hasawna and Wadi Ash-Shatti regions of southwestern Libya. Based on a detailed seven-day geological field excursion, the study documents a chronological sequence ranging from the Precambrian basement to Quaternary deposits, with a primary focus on the Paleozoic strata. Key formations investigated include the Al-Hasawna (Late Cambrian), Tanazzuft (Silurian), and the Devonian Awaynat Wanin Group (Bir Al-Qasr, Edri, Quttah, Dabdab, Tarut, and Ashkidah formations). The field data reveal a dynamic geological history characterized by significant transgressive-regressive cycles. The transition from the stable cratonic basement to the fluviodeltaic Al-Hasawna Formation is marked by a profound nonconformity. Subsequent Silurian marine transgressions deposited the graptolitic shales of the Tanazzuft Formation. The Devonian successions are notably characterized by coarsening-upward progradational cycles, intense bioturbation (dominated by Skolithos and Tigillites ichnofacies), and the widespread occurrence of ferruginous oolitic sandstones, indicating storm-dominated, shallow marine to restricted lagoonal environments. By integrating lithological, ichnological, and structural field observations across multiple sites, this study provides a unified model of the region's stratigraphic evolution, highlighting the complex interplay between sea-level fluctuations, sediment supply, and tectonic stability.

The broad applicability of fractional calculus to modeling physical phenomena via fractional differential equations, along with their complexity, has created substantial demand for efficient analytic and semi-analytic techniques for solving them. This paper has derived a numerical approach to solving a specific class of fractal fractional differential equations (FFDEs) involving the Generalized Caputo-type (GC) of a function with respect to another function, or fractal-Ψ-GC, which is shown in this study. The approach is based on an operational matrix (OM) of the fractal fractional derivative of a novel form of orthogonal polynomial. The Ψ-normalized shifted Legendre polynomials (NSLP) and Ψ-shifted Legendre polynomials (SLP) are introduced. The main characteristic of this approach is that it reduces such problems to those of solving a system of algebraic equations, thus greatly simplifying the problem. Examples are provided to portray the efficiency and applicability of this method. Comparison with similar existing approaches is also conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed approach.