Abstract

Analysis of reservoir characterization data are essential for understanding and managing the

subsurface hydrocarbon. Given that the Nubian Formation is one of the main hydrocarbon

formations in the Sirt basin, its petrophysical properties were examined at three wells (Q2-97, 3V3

and 3V4). The FlexInLog software is used in the current study to evaluate the petrophysical

characterizations using well logs and core analysis results. Petrophysical parameters such as

volume of shale, clay minerals type, porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, in addition to the

volume of matrix are evaluated by using the well log data. Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and

shale make up the majority of the Nubian Formation's lithology. The upper and lower Nubian

sandstone Formations are primarily composed of the clay minerals illite and chlorite, with minor

amounts of kaolinite and montmorillonite. 3. The effective porosity of Well Q2-97 is the highest,

averaging 9.9%; it reaches 7.6% in the 3V3 well and 6.52% in the 3V4 well. However, well 3V4

had the lowest average permeability value of 0.7 mD, whereas well Q2-97 had the highest average

of 2.3 mD. The 3V4 well, with a hydrocarbon saturation of 49%, has the largest net pay thickness,

reaching 324 feet. The 3V3 well followed it with a net pay 273 feet and high rate of hydrocarbon

saturation reached 66%. Compared to the other two wells, the Q2-97 well has the least amount of

net pay thickness, reaching 235 feet.Abstract

Analysis of reservoir characterization data are essential for understanding and managing the

subsurface hydrocarbon. Given that the Nubian Formation is one of the main hydrocarbon

formations in the Sirt basin, its petrophysical properties were examined at three wells (Q2-97, 3V3

and 3V4). The FlexInLog software is used in the current study to evaluate the petrophysical

characterizations using well logs and core analysis results. Petrophysical parameters such as

volume of shale, clay minerals type, porosity, permeability and fluid saturation, in addition to the

volume of matrix are evaluated by using the well log data. Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and

shale make up the majority of the Nubian Formation's lithology. The upper and lower Nubian

sandstone Formations are primarily composed of the clay minerals illite and chlorite, with minor

amounts of kaolinite and montmorillonite. 3. The effective porosity of Well Q2-97 is the highest,

averaging 9.9%; it reaches 7.6% in the 3V3 well and 6.52% in the 3V4 well. However, well 3V4

had the lowest average permeability value of 0.7 mD, whereas well Q2-97 had the highest average

of 2.3 mD. The 3V4 well, with a hydrocarbon saturation of 49%, has the largest net pay thickness,

reaching 324 feet. The 3V3 well followed it with a net pay 273 feet and high rate of hydrocarbon

saturation reached 66%. Compared to the other two wells, the Q2-97 well has the least amount of

net pay thickness, reaching 235 feet.

Bread is a staple food for many nations globally. It is prepared by mixing wheat or barley flour with water and other additives. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is the most used additive in bread industry, because of its efficiency to make the bread cost-effective and favourable to consume. However, KBrO3 is toxic to human and animals due to its ability to affect several body organs, e.g., liver, bones, blood, renal and hepatic, therefore KBrO3 is classified as a carcinogenic chemical and banned for using in the bread industries in most countries. Even though, this material is still in use as bread improver in several countries, nevertheless several oxidising agents was suggested to use as replacements instead of KBrO3 that doesn’t have harmful effects to the consumers. Many technologies have been developed and applied to evaluate the residues of KBrO3 in bakery products. This review paper explored the use of potassium bromate as a flour additive, and its effect on human, animal and environment, and the chemical methods to assess its remains in bread industries.

Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly that affects the male genitalia. This research paper aims to investigate the incidence of hypospadias in Libya by analyzing existing literature, statistical data, and medical records.

 The study will explore the prevalence of hypospadias among newborn boys in various regions of Libya, as well as the factors that may contribute to the development of this condition.

 Additionally, the paper will discuss the current treatment options available for hypospadias patients in Libya and the challenges faced by healthcare providers in managing this condition. By providing a comprehensive overview of hypospadias incidence in Libya, this research paper will contribute to the understanding and improvement of care for individuals with this congenital anomaly.

The demand for drinking water is increasing daily due to the rising world population, alongside the leakage of water, overuse of groundwater, and occurrence of several pollution issues that led to reducing the quality of groundwater. Consequently, in most countries purifying water technologies have been used to obtain drinkable water. Nationally, Libyans use the purified water extensively in their daily needs. Accordingly, to ensure that our citizen utilize harmless water, the quality of the used water and the efficiency of purification units was assessed by analyzing several physical and chemical characteristics of purified water and raw water supplied to the purification units from some local wells and man-made river (MMR) using recommended standard methods. The study results showed that the quality of purified water is excellent, and the purification process reduced the pH, electro conductivity and the concentration of studied chemical properties significantly to values less than the optimum levels (OL) suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Libyan standards (LS) for drinking water. As a conclusion, the studied purified water may use in the daily needs of human with continuously analytical monitoring.

This study proposes a novel approach by adding Portland limestone cement (PLC) to preplaced aggregate steel fiber reinforced concrete (PASFRC) to create a sustainable concrete that minimizes CO2 emissions and cement manufacturing energy usage. The method involves injected a flowable grout after premixing and preplacing steel-fibers and aggregates in the formwork. This study evaluates the mechanical properties of a novel sustainable concrete that uses PLC and steel fibers. To achieve the intended objective, long and short end-hooked steel fibers of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 6% were incorporated in PASFRC. Also, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the data. Results indicated that PLC and higher fiber doses increased the mechanical properties of PAC. At 90 days, PASFRC mixtures containing 6% long steel fibers demonstrated superior compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths, registering the highest values of 49.8 MPa, 7.7 MPa, and 10.9 MPa, respectively and differed by 188%, 166%, and 290%, respectively from fiberless PAC. The study confirmed the suitability and effectiveness of using PLC with steel fibers in PAC which significantly improved the mechanical properties of PASFRC. This was verified through analytical analysis and new empirical equations were proposed to predict the mechanical properties of PASFRC.