The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria poses a significant challenge to the antibacterial efficacy of the

produced chemical, (2-(2-(2-nitrophenyl) diazinyl) malononitrile), which is generated from malononitrile and a

diazo moiety. The molecule was synthesized using the diazotization of 2-nitroaniline, followed by coupling with

malononitrile, resulting in NPDAM with an 85% yield and a melting point of 123-125 °C. The substance at

concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mg/mL was assessed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

(SA121) and Escherichia coli (EC49). The chemical exhibited efficacy against MRSA at varying doses, yielding

clear zones of 29.6, 32.6, and 33.0 mm, in contrast to E. coli at the same concentrations, which produced clear

zones of 10, 11.6, and 14.6 mm, respectively. The microdilution technique was employed to ascertain the

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. The compound

exhibited low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against MRSA at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/mL

(19.5 and 4.89 μg/mL, respectively), in contrast to E. coli, which demonstrated inhibition at 39.0 and 9.78 μg/mL

at the same concentrations. Additionally, it yielded the lowest MIC values (0.97 μg/mL) against both bacteria at

a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The MBC values against MRSA ranged from 39.0 to 1.95 μg/mL, while against

E. coli, the MBC values were slightly lower, ranging from 78.1 to 1.95 μg/mL. In conclusion, all chemical

concentrations exhibited activity against the studied microorganisms, indicating their potential as antimicrobial

agents.

Keywords: Malononitrile, Diazo compounds, antimicrobial activity, MRSA, E. coli.

(E)-2-(naphthalen-1-yldiazenyl) malononitrile (NDMN) was synthesized via a diazotization–coupling reaction and evaluated for its antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli. The compound showed strong, concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with significantly higher efficacy against MRSA than E. coli, as confirmed by disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC assays. These results suggest that NDMN is a promising synthetic antimicrobial agent, particularly against Gram-positive resistant bacteria, and merits further biological and toxicity investigations.

This study reports the development of a new series of pyrazolo[4,3-b] pyridine and pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine derivatives designed as potential antischistosomal agents. A diverse set of fused nitrogen-containing heterocycles was successfully obtained and subjected to preliminary biological relevance assessment based on their structural features. These newly synthesized frameworks, belonging to scaffolds previously associated with notable antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties, demonstrate promising potential for further evaluation against Schistosoma species. The findings highlight the value of these heterocyclic systems as candidates for developing alternative therapies to complement existing schistosomiasis treatment strategies

Keywords: Pyrazolopyridines; Pyrazolopyrimidines; Heterocyclic synthesis; Condensation reactions

bstract:

There is an increasing link between oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal damage in 

neurodegenerative dis-eases. Therefore, there is the need for safer natural neuroprotective drugs 

to protect neurons from damage. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of 

natural extracts derived from Olea Europaea plants from Libya. Leaves and fruits of the olives 

were extracted using ethanol and methanol solvents. The extracts were then analyzed for the 

presence of phytochemicals and antioxidants, and neuroprotective activity was determined 

using neuronal cell models. Findings from the study show that olive extract was rich in phenols, 

flavonoids, oleuropein, and hydroxytryrosol in methanol extracts of leaves. There was a high 

free radical scavengeing capacity as shown by antioxidant activity tests. Moreover, 

neuroprotective studies show that the extracts could in-crease neuronal cell viability and reduce 

intracellular reactive oxygen species when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. Inflammation 

markers such as TNF-α and IL-6 were also inhibited by the extracts.

Keywords: Olea Europaea, Neuroprotection, Antioxidant Activity, Olive Extracts, 

Neurodegenerative Diseases.

 الملخص: 

يتزايد االرتباط بين اإلجهاد التأكسدي وااللتهاب وتلف الخاليا العصبية في األمراض التنكسية العصبية. لذا، تبرز الحاجة إلى 

أدوية طبيعية أكثر أمانًا لحماية الخاليا العصبية من التلف. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى بحث التأثير الوقائي العصبي لمستخلصات

( من ليبيا. تم استخالص أوراق وثمار الزيتون باستخدام Olea Europaea الزيتون األوروبي ) طبيعية مشتقة من نباتات 

مذيبات اإليثانول والميثانول. ثم تم تحليل المستخلصات للكشف عن وجود المركبات الكيميائية النباتية ومضادات األكسدة، 

ص الزيتون غني وتم تحديد النشاط الوقائي العصبي باستخدام نماذج الخاليا العصبية. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن مستخل

بالفينوالت والفالفونويدات واألولوروبين والهيدروكسي تيروسول في مستخلصات الميثانول من األوراق. كما أظهرت 

اختبارات النشاط المضاد لألكسدة قدرة عالية على التخلص من الجذور الحرة. عالوة على ذلك، تُشير الدراسات الوقائية

ة على زيادة حيوية الخاليا العصبية وتقليل أنواع األكسجين التفاعلية داخل الخاليا عند العصبية إلى أن المستخلصات قادر

بواسطة المستخلصات IL-6 و TNF-α تعرضها لإلجهاد التأكسدي. كما تم تثبيط عالمات االلتهاب مثل 

لحماية العصبية، نشاط مضاد لألكسدة، مستخلصات الزيتون، األمراض التنكسية ا، Olea Europaea الكلمات المفتاحية:

. العصبية

Background: Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection, but its epidemiology varies significantly by

region. Recent data on the prevalence, causative species, and risk factors for oral fungal infections in Libya,

particularly in the Gharyan area, is scarce. Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence, distribution

of Candida species, and associated demographic and health-related risk factors for oral candidiasis in Gharyan,

Libya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2025 with 140 participants. Oral

swabs were collected following a clinical examination and structured interview. Samples were cultured on

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and Candida species were identified using chromogenic agar. Statistical analysis was

performed using SPSS version 27, employing Chi-square tests and ANOVA. Results: The incidence of oral

candidiasis was 47.9% (67/140). Candida albicans was the predominant species (85.1%), followed by C.

glabrata (6.0%), C. krusei (3.0%), C. parapsilosis (3.0%), and C. tropicalis (3.0%). Among the analyzed risk

factors (age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dental prostheses, oral hygiene, and pregnancy), only

pregnancy showed a statistically significant association with infection (χ² = 4.486, *p* = 0.034). All pregnant

women in the sample were in the infected group. Conclusion: The study reveals a high incidence of oral

candidiasis in Gharyan, predominantly caused by C. albicans. Pregnancy was identified as a significant risk factor,

underscoring the need for targeted oral healthcare and screening for pregnant women. The lack of association with

other classic risk factors warrants further investigation with larger samples

In recent years, researchers have been investigating different alloying elements to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. One such element is Yttrium (Y), which has shown promising results in enhancing the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys, such as EZ33. The susceptibility of magnesium alloys to corrosion is a major challenge, as corrosion can lead to structural degradation and compromise the integrity of the material, especially in harsh environments. The influence of a single yttrium (Y) addition on the corrosion resistance of the EZ33 Mg alloy was examined in this work. The corrosion resistance was measured using the loss weight method, and the specimens' surfaces were examined using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the corrosion rate decreased with the addition of Y, and microstructure examination illustrated that the corrosion product film formed at the alloy treated with Y was more stable than those formed at the microstructure of the base alloy. Moreover, the corrosion attacked the area where the intermetallic phases formed, which was shown via optical microscope images. Y can be an effective alloying element to enhance the durability of Mg alloys in structural or biomedical applications.

This research studies the use of code-switching in English classes at secondary schools in Derj. Code-switching means using Arabic with English during the lesson. Many English teachers face problems when students do not understand explanations given only in English. For this reason, some teachers use Arabic to help students understand the lesson better. The study focuses on teachers’ opinions about using code-switching in the classroom. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 32 English teachers. Simple statistical methods were used to check the reliability of the questionnaire and to analyze the results. The findings show that most teachers accept the use of code-switching, but they do not support using it all the time. Teachers mostly use Arabic when explaining difficult vocabulary, grammar rules, or classroom instructions. They also believe that limited use of Arabic makes students feel more comfortable and willing to participate. However, teachers strongly agree that using Arabic too much can reduce students’ chances to practice English. For this reason, they prefer to keep English as the main language in class and use Arabic only when it is really necessary