Infectious diseases that involve hepatitis B (HBsAg), hepatitis C (HCV), HIV, and syphilis (VDRL) remain significant worldwide health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Libya serves as both a transit and destination point for migrants, creating a unique context for examining the prevalence of these disorders among migrant workers and Libyan citizens. Comprehending variations in illness prevalence based on nationality and employment is essential for formulating targeted public health interventions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HBsAg, HCV, HIV, and VDRL among migrant workers and Libyan nationals undergoing mandatory occupational health screenings. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Reference Laboratory, Western Mountain, Al-Rajban in Libya between December 2023 and February 2024. A total of 1,656 participants were assessed, including 1,434 migrant laborers and 223 Libyan natives. The VDRL test exhibited the greatest chance at 1.6%, followed by HBsAg at 1.4%, HCV at 0.9%, and HIV at 0.2%. Migrant workers had a greater prevalence of HBsAg at 1.6% and slightly elevated rates of HCV and HIV compared to Libyan residents, who reported no instances of these infections. Occupational research indicated that general workers had the largest disease burden, with statistically significant rates of HBsAg at 2.1%, HCV at 1.4%, and VDRL at 2.1%. Specialized workers had low illness rates, perhaps attributable to superior hygiene practices or underreporting. This research underscores the gap in infectious diseases between migrant workers and Libyan citizens, emphasizing the need for focused screening, enhanced workplace safety, and equitable access to preventive healthcare. The findings underscore the need for occupation-specific health interventions to mitigate risk, particularly for high-risk populations such as general laborers. Future research should include longitudinal studies and a larger sample size to validate these results and enhance global health equality. 

This study investigates the current state of solid waste management in the city of Ubari, located in the southwest of Libya, amidst escalating environmental and economic challenges and the absence of an effective and sustainable system for waste handling. The research aims to evaluate the existing situation concerning the collection, transportation, storage, and final disposal of waste, with a focus on daily generated quantities, the composition of household solid waste within the city, the level of public awareness, and the availability of human and material resources. The study estimates the individual waste generation rate to be approximately 1 kg/day, resulting in a total annual production of 17,520 tons. This waste is collected using traditional methods and limited equipment, lacking a sorting or recycling system and exhibiting a near-complete absence of treatment facilities or sanitary landfills. The research also identified several significant obstacles, including insufficient funding and resources, a scarcity of trained personnel, and a weak role in monitoring and law enforcement. The study recommends the necessity of developing a comprehensive waste management strategy grounded in sustainability principles, training local personnel, activating the role of media and environmental education for the community, alongside fostering collaboration between the municipality, governmental bodies, and the private sector to promote and support sustainable waste management.

Keywords: Solid Waste Management, Ubari City, Landfill, Environmental Pollution, Sustainable Waste Management.

In Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) the applications of a multimedia system like video, audio broadcasting needs the path at which the data transmit might be reliable, delay-sensitive, and energy-efficient one. In addition, the delivery of information in vehicular networks (VANETs) is regarded as a demanding one because of high mobility and invariable topological difference. An existing routing protocol of ad hoc network fail to function better in terms of QoS metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay and so on., where there are heavy traffic and high mobility. So as to overcome the existing drawbacks, the proposed technique is implemented. In the proposed mechanism, the system model is initialized, and the route discovery process is carried by sending a route request. The multipath decision making (MPDM) scheme is employed to ensure the best route availability and the probability of link failure. Once the multipath decision-making condition is satisfied, the route path is established, and the communication takes place based on QoS constraint. Fuzzy based link monitoring scheme is employed to check the probability of link failure. Finally, the performance analysis is carried, and the comparison is made for proposed and existing mechanisms to prove the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

ABSTRACT: Exchange rate plans are the primary focus of all adjustment attempts, as they are designed to enhance a nation's competitiveness in the global market. The hypothesis posits that a devaluation of the currency will have ramifications for the economy, particularly concerning foreign accounts. The hypothesis further posits that a lower exchange rate may stimulate exports and enhance the trade balance. Acknowledging that the anticipated positive outcomes may persist over an extended duration is imperative. This article will methodically examine the interplay between the exchange rate, trade balance, imports, and exports. Our research employs the linear cointegration approach (ARDL) and the non-linear method (NARDL) from 1970 to 2021, with a focus on Libya. The analysis will demonstrate that healthy capital, consumer, and raw material markets are prerequisites for economic growth. Consequently, economic growth necessitates the availability of additional resources. The government must implement a price stabilization program with all relevant stakeholders to achieve the desired trade balance. The substitution of domestic products for imported goods has the potential to improve the nation's trade balance.

Keywords: Trade balance; Imports; Exports; Exchange rate; ARDL; NARDL; Libya.