bstract:

There is an increasing link between oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal damage in 

neurodegenerative dis-eases. Therefore, there is the need for safer natural neuroprotective drugs 

to protect neurons from damage. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of 

natural extracts derived from Olea Europaea plants from Libya. Leaves and fruits of the olives 

were extracted using ethanol and methanol solvents. The extracts were then analyzed for the 

presence of phytochemicals and antioxidants, and neuroprotective activity was determined 

using neuronal cell models. Findings from the study show that olive extract was rich in phenols, 

flavonoids, oleuropein, and hydroxytryrosol in methanol extracts of leaves. There was a high 

free radical scavengeing capacity as shown by antioxidant activity tests. Moreover, 

neuroprotective studies show that the extracts could in-crease neuronal cell viability and reduce 

intracellular reactive oxygen species when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. Inflammation 

markers such as TNF-α and IL-6 were also inhibited by the extracts.

Keywords: Olea Europaea, Neuroprotection, Antioxidant Activity, Olive Extracts, 

Neurodegenerative Diseases.

 الملخص: 

يتزايد االرتباط بين اإلجهاد التأكسدي وااللتهاب وتلف الخاليا العصبية في األمراض التنكسية العصبية. لذا، تبرز الحاجة إلى 

أدوية طبيعية أكثر أمانًا لحماية الخاليا العصبية من التلف. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى بحث التأثير الوقائي العصبي لمستخلصات

( من ليبيا. تم استخالص أوراق وثمار الزيتون باستخدام Olea Europaea الزيتون األوروبي ) طبيعية مشتقة من نباتات 

مذيبات اإليثانول والميثانول. ثم تم تحليل المستخلصات للكشف عن وجود المركبات الكيميائية النباتية ومضادات األكسدة، 

ص الزيتون غني وتم تحديد النشاط الوقائي العصبي باستخدام نماذج الخاليا العصبية. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن مستخل

بالفينوالت والفالفونويدات واألولوروبين والهيدروكسي تيروسول في مستخلصات الميثانول من األوراق. كما أظهرت 

اختبارات النشاط المضاد لألكسدة قدرة عالية على التخلص من الجذور الحرة. عالوة على ذلك، تُشير الدراسات الوقائية

ة على زيادة حيوية الخاليا العصبية وتقليل أنواع األكسجين التفاعلية داخل الخاليا عند العصبية إلى أن المستخلصات قادر

بواسطة المستخلصات IL-6 و TNF-α تعرضها لإلجهاد التأكسدي. كما تم تثبيط عالمات االلتهاب مثل 

لحماية العصبية، نشاط مضاد لألكسدة، مستخلصات الزيتون، األمراض التنكسية ا، Olea Europaea الكلمات المفتاحية:

. العصبية

This study reports the development of a new series of pyrazolo[4,3-b] pyridine and pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine derivatives designed as potential antischistosomal agents. A diverse set of fused nitrogen-containing heterocycles was successfully obtained and subjected to preliminary biological relevance assessment based on their structural features. These newly synthesized frameworks, belonging to scaffolds previously associated with notable antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties, demonstrate promising potential for further evaluation against Schistosoma species. The findings highlight the value of these heterocyclic systems as candidates for developing alternative therapies to complement existing schistosomiasis treatment strategies

Keywords: Pyrazolopyridines; Pyrazolopyrimidines; Heterocyclic synthesis; Condensation reactions

(E)-2-(naphthalen-1-yldiazenyl) malononitrile (NDMN) was synthesized via a diazotization–coupling reaction and evaluated for its antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli. The compound showed strong, concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with significantly higher efficacy against MRSA than E. coli, as confirmed by disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC assays. These results suggest that NDMN is a promising synthetic antimicrobial agent, particularly against Gram-positive resistant bacteria, and merits further biological and toxicity investigations.

The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria poses a significant challenge to the antibacterial efficacy of the

produced chemical, (2-(2-(2-nitrophenyl) diazinyl) malononitrile), which is generated from malononitrile and a

diazo moiety. The molecule was synthesized using the diazotization of 2-nitroaniline, followed by coupling with

malononitrile, resulting in NPDAM with an 85% yield and a melting point of 123-125 °C. The substance at

concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mg/mL was assessed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

(SA121) and Escherichia coli (EC49). The chemical exhibited efficacy against MRSA at varying doses, yielding

clear zones of 29.6, 32.6, and 33.0 mm, in contrast to E. coli at the same concentrations, which produced clear

zones of 10, 11.6, and 14.6 mm, respectively. The microdilution technique was employed to ascertain the

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. The compound

exhibited low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against MRSA at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/mL

(19.5 and 4.89 μg/mL, respectively), in contrast to E. coli, which demonstrated inhibition at 39.0 and 9.78 μg/mL

at the same concentrations. Additionally, it yielded the lowest MIC values (0.97 μg/mL) against both bacteria at

a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The MBC values against MRSA ranged from 39.0 to 1.95 μg/mL, while against

E. coli, the MBC values were slightly lower, ranging from 78.1 to 1.95 μg/mL. In conclusion, all chemical

concentrations exhibited activity against the studied microorganisms, indicating their potential as antimicrobial

agents.

Keywords: Malononitrile, Diazo compounds, antimicrobial activity, MRSA, E. coli.

The phenomenon of big data has become a defining characteristic of the technological age. Consequently, new challenges arise, including the types of data and the scale of the information available; traditional relational databases frequently prove inadequate in addressing these demands, resulting in the proliferation of NoSQL databases. This research presents a comprehensive review of NoSQL-based systems and their methodologies for managing extensive data. Furthermore, this study examines the primary categories of NoSQL databases, their optimal attributes, and their strategies for addressing the contemporary "5Vs" of Big Data: volume, velocity, variety, value, and veracity. Additionally, the research highlights the opportunities presented by NoSQL technologies in emerging fields, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and machine learning, alongside the associated risks, including trade-offs in consistency, security challenges, and the lack of standardization. By integrating classification, comparison, and analysis, this review offers a unified perspective that can aid researchers and practitioners in the effective selection and implementation of NoSQL solutions within Big Data contexts.