yAbstract:

Water is the world's most vital natural resource, essential for sustaining all forms of life and promoting economic and societal development. The aims of this research are to determine whether the concentrations of some cations, anions, and metals of the Tiji groundwater are above safe limits, which would indicate they may be potential polluters, to explore the presence of the chemical elements and their likely environmental and health impacts, to raise awareness among the community of the risks of consuming untreated groundwater and encourage ongoing water quality monitoring, to explore cost-effective and effective chemical treatment technologies ion exchange and polymer-based chelating processes of removing polluting substances from groundwater, to assist future planning of sustainable water management strategies for arid regions like Tiji. Experimental study was conducted on groundwater samples collected from three representative wells in the Tiji region, Libya (wells at approximately 30 m and 120 m depths as indicated in the study site selection. The results indicate that the groundwater in the Tiji region is mineral-hard and chemically hard with high levels for sulfate, chloride, hardness, and TDS, rendering it unfit to be consumed directly by humans without treatment. Exper-imental and analytical data strongly confirm Hypothesis 1 (H1). The high initial sulfate and chloride levels in the groundwater warrant the need for selective removal, and the ion exchange process. Hypothesis 2 (H2) holds well, i.e., AnaLig ME-02 chelating resin have very good adsorption efficiency of Lead and mercury. Installation of a complete water treatment system with anion exchange resins is recommended for effective reduction of sulfate and chloride levels.

Keywords: Concentration, Pollution Cations, Antions, Metals, Groundwater, Libya

a







Background: Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, often linked to genetic mutations affecting pulmonary surfactant metabolism. Mutations in genes such as SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD, ABCA3, and NKX2-1 have been implicated in surfactant dysfunction and IRDS pathogenesis. However, the functional consequences of many nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) remain poorly characterized. Objective: This study aims to identify and prioritize potentially deleterious nsSNPs in surfactant-associated genes using an integrated computational approach, providing insights into their structural and functional impacts for future experimental validation. Methods: We performed a comprehensive in silico analysis of rare missense variants (MAF < 1%) obtained from public databases (dbSNP, ClinVar, UniProt). Functional impact was predicted using SIFT, PolyPhen-2, Panther, and CADD. Protein stability changes were assessed using I-Mutant2.0 and MUpro. Evolutionary conservation was evaluated via ConSurf, and structural modeling was carried out with AlphaFold, SWISS-MODEL, PyMOL, and GROMACS to analyze RMSD and hydrogen bonding patterns. Results: Mutation frequency analysis revealed ABCA3 as the most variant-rich gene (n = 36,391), while SFTPD had the lowest mutation load (n = 4,646). Consensus prediction identified several high-risk nsSNPs, including R276W (SFTPB), V48M (SFTPC), G86E (SFTPA2), and P131T (SFTPD), consistently classified as damaging across tools. Protein stability analysis confirmed significant destabilization for R276W (SFTPB) and V48M (SFTPC). Structural modeling showed increased RMSD and reduced hydrogen bonds in variants such as G123V (SFTPA1) and G100S (SFTPC), indicating potential structural disruption. Highly conserved residues (ConSurf score ≥ 7), especially those involving glycine or proline substitutions, were more likely to be functionally critical. Conclusion: This comprehensive in silico analysis identifies several high-confidence deleterious nsSNPs that may contribute to surfactant dysfunction and IRDS pathogenesis. These findings offer valuable insights for future functional studies and may aid in the development of targeted genetic screening strategies for IRDS risk assessment.

This study explores the impact of various teaching methods on the development of English language skills in non-native speakers. With the growing importance of English as a global communication tool, effective teaching strategies are essential for enhancing learners’ proficiency in speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The research compares traditional and modern teaching methods, evaluating their effectiveness in improving students' language skills and their overall learning experiences. Additionally, the study examines the challenges faced by educators and learners in implementing these methods and how they influence language acquisition. The findings aim to provide insights into the most effective teaching practices, offering recommendations for optimizing English language instruction to better serve non-native speakers. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to improve language education and aims to support the development of practical, adaptable teaching methods that meet the needs of diverse learners in various educational settings.

  في هذه الورقة، تمت د ارسة حل المعادلات التفاضلية الجزئية الإهليلجية الخطية وغير الخطية الكلاسيكية والمعممة من الدرجة الثانية مع شروط حدودية غير محلية. كما تم تضمين المفاهيم الأساسية والنظريات المتعلقة بالد ارسة، والتي تشمل النتيجة الرئيسية لهذا البحث .وأيضا نوقشت العديد من التعريفات الأساسية والنظريات والملاحظات حول فضاءات سوبوليف (𝐻𝑘(Ω) , 𝐻0𝑘(Ω. كما اشتملت هذه الورقة على د ارسة وجود حل متفرد لمعادلة بواسون مع شروط حدودية غير محلية. وتمت أيضًا مناقشة وجود حل متفرد للمعادلة التفاضلية الإهليلجية شبه الخطية من الدرجة الثانية مع شرط حد ودي متكامل غير خطي. بحيث تستند الحجة لإثبات المشكلة السابقة إلى نظرية النقطة الثابتة لباناخ في الفضاء المتري الكامل، ومبدأ الحد الأقصى والحد الأدنى، ومبدأ المقارنة. كما ان أسلوب البرهان في المسائل يعتمد اساسا علي كل من نظرية النقطة الثابتة لباناخ في الفضاء المتري الكامل- مبدأ الحد الأقصى والحد الأدنى- مبدأ المقارنة.

و معادلة النقطة الثابثة لبانخ.