Abstract. The paper examines the process of creating and publishing an Arabic Linked Drug Dataset based on open drug datasets from selected Arabic countries and discusses quality issues considered in the linked data lifecycle when establishing a semantic Data Lake in the pharmaceutical domain. Through representation of the data in an open machine-readable format, the approach provides an optimum solution for information and dissemination of data and for building specialized applications. Authors contribute to opening the drug datasets from Arabic countries, interlinking the data with diverse repositories such as DrugBank, and DBpedia, and publishing it in a standard open manner that allows further integration and building different business services on top of the integrated data. This paper showcases how drug industry can take full advantage of the emerging trends for building competitive advantages. However, as is elaborated in this paper, better understanding of the specifics of the Arabic language is needed in order to extend the usage of linked data technologies in Arabic companies.

Libya is a lower middle-income country with no national surveillance system for hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). We assessed the prevalence of hospital-acquired infections and antimicrobial use in adult intensive care units (ICUs) in Libya. Objective: Evaluate drug resistance of bacteria isolated from equipment placed close to patients in an Intensive Care Unit of a Central hospital in Gharian.

In this paper, of primary interest is to synthesis 8-(1H-indol-3-ylazo)-naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid (INSA) and to evaluate the main parameters of Au/INSA/n-Si/Al diode in dark and under illumination. Different techniques are used for interpreting the proposed INSA chemical structure. The dark current-voltage measurements were achieved in the temperature range of 293−413 K. It is noticed that INSA films modify the interfacial barrier height of classical Au/n-Si junction. At low applied voltages, the I–V relation shows exponential behavior. The values ideality factor, n, and the barrier height, φ, are improved by heating. The abnormal trend of n and φ is discussed, and a homogenous barrier height of 1.45 eV is evaluated. The series resistance is also calculated using Norde's function and it changes inversely with temperature. The space charge limited current ruled with exponential trap distribution dominates at relatively high potentials, trap concentration and carriers mobility are extracted. The reverse current of the diode has illumination intensity dependence with a good photosensitivity indicating that the device is promising for photodiode applications.

Linked Open Data illustrates the concept that provides an optimum solution for information and dissemination of data, through the representation of the

data in an open machine readable format and to interlink it from diverse repositories to enable diverse usage scenarios for both humans and machines.

The pharmaceutical/drug industry was among the first that validated the applicability of the approach for interlinking and publishing open linked data. Yet, open issues arose clearly when trying to apply the approach to datasets coded in languages other than English, for instance, in Arabic languages. Author’s objective is to examine in detail the requirements specification process for building Linked Data application taking into consideration the possibility of reusing recently published datasets and tools. Main conclusions derived from this study are that making drug datasets accessible and publish it in an open manner in linkable format adds great value by integration to other notable datasets. Author’s main contribution is the enhancement of Arabic knowledge graph based on drug data from selected Arabic countries and the novel methodology for building Linked Data applications.

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have gained increasing interest in drug discovery and tissue engineering due to a number of advantages in providing more physiologically relevant information and potentially more predictive data for in vivo tests. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins have been developed over in recent years to simulate a natural microenvironment for cells cultured in vitro. Conventional cell culture or 2D cell culture form monolayers of cells on a solid surface, which is typically polystyrene or glass, whereas a 3D culture system employ a porous growth matrix on which the cells grow. The transition from cell culture on a flat surface 2D to a 3D model in vitro is expected to mimic more realistic culture environments. However, the major limitation of 2D culture is their lack of structural architecture and stroma and not all types of normal epithelial cell are able to adhere and grow on 2D culture. For this study, two different immortal cell lines were used (HeLa and HaCaT cells) and two commercial 3D substrates (Collagen Rat Tail and Geltrex) were used, in order to evaluate how the transition from 2D to 3D affects viability, cell cycle, live/dead cell, responses to the drug exposure and bio-spectroscopy studies. The viability of cells were monitored with the aid of the Alamar Blue assay, cellular morphology was monitored with confocal microscopy, cell cycle and cell death studies were performed with flow cytometry and viability of 3D culture in bio-spectroscopy performed with Raman spectroscopy. The viability studies showed apparent differences between the 2D and 3D culture systems, the differences attributed in part to the physical transition from 2D to a 3D environment causing alterations to effective resazurin concentration, uptake and conversion rates. This was verified by flow cytometry, in which no significant differences in viable cell numbers between 2D and 3D systems was ii observed. Cell cycle analysis revealed cellular function could be altered by growth on the 3D substrates and the alterations were noted to be dependent on 3D membrane concentration. The use of 3D culture matrices has been widely interpreted to result in “improved viability levels” or “reduced” toxicity or cellular “resistance” compared to cells cultured on traditional 2D systems. Cells were grown on the different substrates (Collagen and CaF2), confirming that the in vitro cell culture environment impacts significantly on the cell cycle. The live cell in vitro Raman spectroscopic analysis of cells on the 2D CaF2 and 3D Collagen substrates was performed and data were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA). The spectroscopic analysis revealed differences in profiles which reflect the differences in cell cycle for both in vitro culture environments. In particular, the Raman spectra of cells grown on CaF2 show indicators of cell stress, which are also associated with cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Doxorubicin still induced apoptosis with no difference in the population levels in 3D and 2D culture of apoptotic, necrotic and live cells. Also, cells grown on both substrates were arrested at G0/G1 phase by the Doxorubicin, Raman spectra collected from cells grown in Collagen showed that, Doxorubicin is clearly seen to be present in the nucleolus, nucleus and cytoplasm of the HaCaT cells. Statistical analysis, consisting of principal components analysis (PCA) was used to highlight the Doxorubicin interaction with HaCaT cells grown in 3D cultures. The results of this study show that Cellular health and viability levels were not altered by culture in 3D environments, but their normal cycle could be altered verified by the cell cycle studies performed and these variations must be accounted for in studies employing 3D membranes. The Raman spectra of cells grown on CaF2 show indicators of cell stress, which are also associated with cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. The bioavailability or effective concentration of the cytotoxicity assay and the chemotherapeutic agent are both affected by the iii absorptive nature of the matrix. Despite the differences in the cell cycle in cells grown in 2D and 3D cultures, the efficacies and ultimate effect of the drug on all the cultured cells are the same regardless of culture environment and the variations in the cell cycle for cells grown on different substrates must be accounted for in vitro cellular screening in particular when screening cell cycle dependant toxicants. This study has shown that the use of 3D culture systems has the potential to make a significant impact in the Raman spectroscopy field in particular Collagen is a cost effective substrate replacement for more expensive options.