The potential association between ABO/Rh blood groups and diabetes mellitus (DM) susceptibility remains a topic of global epidemiological interest, with population-specific findings. This systematic review aims to synthesize and analyze all available evidence on the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among diabetic patients across all cities in Libya to determine any consistent national pattern or association. A systematic search was conducted for studies published between 2010 and 2024. Electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus) and Libyan journal archives were searched. Keywords included "ABO blood group," "Rhesus factor," "diabetes mellitus," "Libya," and specific city names. Observational studies reporting ABO/Rh frequencies in Libyan diabetic patients and controls were included. Data on study characteristics, blood group distribution, and odds ratios were extracted. Four studies from four major Libyan cities (Tripoli, Benghazi, Zliten, Zintan) met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 2,819 participants (1,919 diabetic patients and 900 controls). The pooled prevalence of blood group O was highest in both cases and controls. A meta-analysis of the pooled data revealed a significant association between blood group B and DM (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.24-1.86, p < 0.001). Studies from Tripoli and Benghazi individually reported this significant association, while studies from Zliten and Zintan did not. No significant association was found between Rh factor and DM risk (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.82-1.42, p = 0.59). This first systematic review from Libya indicates a potential national-level association between blood group B and an increased risk of diabetes mellitus. The lack of significance in two smaller studies highlights the need for larger, standardized, multi-center national research to confirm this finding and explore underlying genetic and environmental modifiers. The ABO blood group could be considered a modest genetic risk marker in the Libyan population.

Background In arid regions such as Jennawen, Libya, groundwater is the primary source for drinking and irrigation, yet it is highly vulnerable to geogenic and anthropogenic contamination. This study aimed to assess the chemical and microbiological quality of 26 groundwater samples from rural and remote, including desalinated water. Material and Methods Physico-chemical parameters (e.g. pH, salinity, major ions) and microbiological indicators (total coliforms, E. coli, total bacterial counts) were analyzed according to established standards. Results revealed that most untreated groundwater samples exceeded the permissible limits for salinity, hardness, and sulfate. Furthermore, microbial bacterial contamination was found at various locations. While some RO desalinated water was free from microbiological contaminants, it was severely deficient in essential minerals. Conclusion The groundwater in the investigated area requires proper attention. Research and management strategies are critically needed to address both chemical and microbial contamination while maintaining an optimal mineral balance in potable water.

Abstract:

The Jabal Fezzan's xenolith has been intruded during Pan-African metamorphism, characterized by (high pressure and medium temperature), this process results in the formation of the biotite, muscovite, and kyanite metamorphic zones. There is a slight increase in the degree of metamorphism as it reaches the biotite zone. It consists of foliated, medium- to coarse-grained schists, mostly biotite, muscovite, and kyanite, additionally plagioclase and quartz, as well as zircon, rutile, and Fe oxides. The microscopical evidence indicates that iron-rich biotite in pelitic schists undergoes a series of chemical reactions that cause it to be formed and transformed into other minerals. P-T diagrams suggest that rocks in the study area might have been formed during collisions and decompressions of thickened continental crust. They are derived from sedimentary rocks such as greywacke, which contain high levels of Si4+ and Al3+. As P-T conditions pass through, the biotite isograd and biotite forms. This study highlighted the oldest metamorphic rocks in southern Libya, enhancing the understanding of the mantle source protolith metasomatism, and reducing the information gap between petrochemical significance and the evolutionary stage of Pan-African metamorphism in southern Libya through study xenolith outcrops in more detail.

This study explores the impact of various teaching methods on the development of English language skills in non-native speakers. With the growing importance of English as a global communication tool, effective teaching strategies are essential for enhancing learners’ proficiency in speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The research compares traditional and modern teaching methods, evaluating their effectiveness in improving students' language skills and their overall learning experiences. Additionally, the study examines the challenges faced by educators and learners in implementing these methods and how they influence language acquisition. The findings aim to provide insights into the most effective teaching practices, offering recommendations for optimizing English language instruction to better serve non-native speakers. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to improve language education and aims to support the development of practical, adaptable teaching methods that meet the needs of diverse learners in various educational settings.







Background: Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, often linked to genetic mutations affecting pulmonary surfactant metabolism. Mutations in genes such as SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD, ABCA3, and NKX2-1 have been implicated in surfactant dysfunction and IRDS pathogenesis. However, the functional consequences of many nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) remain poorly characterized. Objective: This study aims to identify and prioritize potentially deleterious nsSNPs in surfactant-associated genes using an integrated computational approach, providing insights into their structural and functional impacts for future experimental validation. Methods: We performed a comprehensive in silico analysis of rare missense variants (MAF < 1%) obtained from public databases (dbSNP, ClinVar, UniProt). Functional impact was predicted using SIFT, PolyPhen-2, Panther, and CADD. Protein stability changes were assessed using I-Mutant2.0 and MUpro. Evolutionary conservation was evaluated via ConSurf, and structural modeling was carried out with AlphaFold, SWISS-MODEL, PyMOL, and GROMACS to analyze RMSD and hydrogen bonding patterns. Results: Mutation frequency analysis revealed ABCA3 as the most variant-rich gene (n = 36,391), while SFTPD had the lowest mutation load (n = 4,646). Consensus prediction identified several high-risk nsSNPs, including R276W (SFTPB), V48M (SFTPC), G86E (SFTPA2), and P131T (SFTPD), consistently classified as damaging across tools. Protein stability analysis confirmed significant destabilization for R276W (SFTPB) and V48M (SFTPC). Structural modeling showed increased RMSD and reduced hydrogen bonds in variants such as G123V (SFTPA1) and G100S (SFTPC), indicating potential structural disruption. Highly conserved residues (ConSurf score ≥ 7), especially those involving glycine or proline substitutions, were more likely to be functionally critical. Conclusion: This comprehensive in silico analysis identifies several high-confidence deleterious nsSNPs that may contribute to surfactant dysfunction and IRDS pathogenesis. These findings offer valuable insights for future functional studies and may aid in the development of targeted genetic screening strategies for IRDS risk assessment.