Abstract: This study investigates Libyan EFL university teachers' perceptions and attitudes towards culture and Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) in their classrooms. It also aimed to identify how teachers define, understand and integrate ICC in their classrooms. A sample of 42 language skills subject teachers from Tripoli University's faculties of education participated in the study. A mixed-methods approach using a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews was employed. The findings revealed that teachers hold positive attitudes towards integrating culture and ICC, recognising the importance of integrating culture, cultural elements, and cultural differences for successful communication. However, although teachers' grasp of the concept may be weaker than desired, they possess a general understanding and awareness of ICC. For ICC integration, teachers emphasised students’ engagement, using authentic materials, comparing learners' cultures with other cultures, and real-life situations as essential for developing students’ ICC. Teachers also identified challenges in integrating ICC, including students’ age, limited access to technology, outdated materials, and potential confusion or misunderstanding among students regarding cultural or religious events. Nevertheless, the study emphasises the need for ongoing professional development and support to enable teachers to effectively integrate ICC, overcome challenges, and promote intercultural understanding among students.

Bread is a staple food for many nations globally. It is prepared by mixing wheat or barley flour with water and other additives. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is the most used additive in bread industry, because of its efficiency to make the bread cost-effective and favourable to consume. However, KBrO3 is toxic to human and animals due to its ability to affect several body organs, e.g., liver, bones, blood, renal and hepatic, therefore KBrO3 is classified as a carcinogenic chemical and banned for using in the bread industries in most countries. Even though, this material is still in use as bread improver in several countries, nevertheless several oxidising agents was suggested to use as replacements instead of KBrO3 that doesn’t have harmful effects to the consumers. Many technologies have been developed and applied to evaluate the residues of KBrO3 in bakery products. This review paper explored the use of potassium bromate as a flour additive, and its effect on human, animal and environment, and the chemical methods to assess its remains in bread industries.

Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly that affects the male genitalia. This research paper aims to investigate the incidence of hypospadias in Libya by analyzing existing literature, statistical data, and medical records.

 The study will explore the prevalence of hypospadias among newborn boys in various regions of Libya, as well as the factors that may contribute to the development of this condition.

 Additionally, the paper will discuss the current treatment options available for hypospadias patients in Libya and the challenges faced by healthcare providers in managing this condition. By providing a comprehensive overview of hypospadias incidence in Libya, this research paper will contribute to the understanding and improvement of care for individuals with this congenital anomaly.

The demand for drinking water is increasing daily due to the rising world population, alongside the leakage of water, overuse of groundwater, and occurrence of several pollution issues that led to reducing the quality of groundwater. Consequently, in most countries purifying water technologies have been used to obtain drinkable water. Nationally, Libyans use the purified water extensively in their daily needs. Accordingly, to ensure that our citizen utilize harmless water, the quality of the used water and the efficiency of purification units was assessed by analyzing several physical and chemical characteristics of purified water and raw water supplied to the purification units from some local wells and man-made river (MMR) using recommended standard methods. The study results showed that the quality of purified water is excellent, and the purification process reduced the pH, electro conductivity and the concentration of studied chemical properties significantly to values less than the optimum levels (OL) suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Libyan standards (LS) for drinking water. As a conclusion, the studied purified water may use in the daily needs of human with continuously analytical monitoring.