It is expected that website design can lead to online trust, although research that systematically examines such a relationship is little. In addition, far too little attention has been paid to understand the effect of website design on e-trust across gender. In this study, therefore, three elements of website design (visual design, information design, and navigation design) are examined for their effect on consumer trust in e-commerce. Using data collected from 532 online shoppers, the overall model was first tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The research model was then tested for each gender group separately. The results of the study indicated that website design is an important factor in establishing trust in e-commerce. Our results further revealed that website information design is more important to males than females in forming e-trust, while website navigation design is more important to females …

This study seeks to understand the potential heterogeneous effects of corporate social responsibility on earnings management. Theoretical explanations for these effects tend to support both positive and negative effects, with different degree of assertiveness, while empirical studies align with the theoretical explanations in providing contradictory findings. We find that corporate social disclosure does in general restrict the size of discretionally accruals. This effect is larger in the upper part of the conditional distribution of discretionary accruals. In other words, firms that overuse discretionary accruals are disproportionally more constrained in their ability to continue to do so compared to firms that less often employ such practices. Furthermore, for the firms which apply relatively modest amount for earnings management, this constraining effect does not appear at all. Interestingly the effects of other determinants of earnings management seem to follow the same broadly defined pattern.

 The groundwater aquifers in Azintan, northwestern Libya suffer from an acute shortage of water. The groundwater was evaluated to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes from major two aquifers in north and south of Azintan area. This study carried out to assess the groundwater quality and to identify major affecting variables. Twelve samples from the two aquifers were collected. The two aquifers were collected and analyzed for total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, SO4^2-, CO3^2- and HCO3^-. The results show that, the groundwater in many places is dominated by higher concentrations of Cl^-, SO4^2- and HCO3^-. Two water types were recognized in this region are Cl-SO4- Na-Ca and Cl-SO4-Na. Gibbs and Piper method, as well as the hardness, soluble sodium percentage and the permeability index all have been used to assess the diagram quality of the groundwater of aquifers. Further, the multiple correlations and Cluster Analysis of groundwater quality parameters were carried out for further classification and interpretation of the groundwater quality. Finally, water qualities in the study area are compared with Libyan standards and WHO guidelines of drinking water and irrigation  purposes.

Technology has become an essential part of education today, and learning environment has changed from that of many years ago; students need to use technology as an alternative effective learning tool for learning English language as a foreign language (EFL). Most of current studies in the educational use of social media seem to pay more attention to the students' use of Facebook in learning. This research explores 14 university learners use of Facebook group and it mainly focuses on lecturers' role in Facebook group. This qualitative study involved observation and some interview questions. Current findings highlight that there are potential benefits to using Facebook for learning with reference that these students still need a guideline and support from their lecturers to learn English via Facebook. This paper suggests that considerable students' content knowledge of educational technology as Facebook is required to improve their learning. This study hopes to add and expand current body of knowledge about learning English in relation to Facebook used in English foreign language context. 

SUMMARY

This thesis entitled comprises four chapters and ends with alist of references.

The first chapter covers the literature up to date of the reaction of nucleophilic substitution reactions and their different mechanisms.then describes .of preparation of the methods

the procedure used to determina the rate constant for the reaction and kinetic data

then deals the discussion and interpretation of the results from the above mentioned reaction .

application of Hammett relationship . and application of Bronsted equation