Abstract: Garcinia mangostana L pericarp extract is known has active substances called

Xanthones which has strong antioxidant effects. This substance also has anti-inflammatory

and immunomodulation effects. However, the intercellular infection of Salmonella stimulates

macrophage to produce interleukin IL12 for enhancement of IFN-γ secretion. lFN γ, which

plays role for activates macrophage, acts as positive feedback in stimulating macrophages to

kill S. Typhimurium. Macrophages play role in the phagolysosome fusion process are

produced. This study aims to determine the effect of Crude Ethanolic Mangosteen Extract

(CEME) on IFN-γ and IL-12 secretion in mice infected with S. Typhimurium. This study

used 25 mice Balb/c. Mice divided into 5 groups consist of 5 mice in each group, including

positive control (mice were infected with S. Typhimurium), T0 (control with 40 mg/ml of

crude extract mangosteen pericarp without S. Typhimurium), T1, T2 and T3 (treatment with

20 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml of crude extract mangosteen pericarp). Then, the mice

were necropsied and dissected to take the blood directly from the heart. Levels of IFN-γ and

IL-12 were analyzed using ELISA. Data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA followed by

Post-Hoc test (LSD) to assess the comparison between groups. Results showed that CEME

increase serum IFN-γ and IL12 without infection. CEME increase serum IL12 in T1, T2and

T3 with a p-value 0,000. Other results showed decreases serum IFN-γ in T2 and T3 with a p￾value 0,000. CEME improve immune response through the increases serum IL-12 and

decreases serum IFN-γ in mice infected with S. Typhimurium.

Keywords : Extract, Garcinia mangostana, IFN- γ, IL-12, S. Typhimurium.

• Cereal and its products can be contaminated with fungi in the field, during drying, processing, transportation and subsequent storage, which may lead to secretion of mycotoxins under favourable condition. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of some fungi associated with four kinds of Libyan food products of different trademarks. Twenty four (24) samples of couscous, macaroni, wheat flour and rice regularly used for human consumption by Libyan family were collected from local markets in the city of Alzawia, west of Tripoli, Libya. The results reveal isolation of 113 isolates belonging to nine genera: Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Mucor, Scopulariopsis and Cladosporum. Approximately 24 species were identified to belong to those isolated genera, several of which are known as main producer of mycotoxins especially A. flavus which are known to produce aflatoxins, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus carbonarious, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium verrucosum known to produce ochratoxin and Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium chlamydosporum known to produce fumonisins and trichothecenes. Certainly, the occurrence of such types of mycotoxins can pose a health threatening risk for the consumer of those food items. Presence of these fungi in food products could be due to lack of good agriculture and food manufacturing practices throughout the food chain.
• Key words: Couscous, macaroni, wheat flour, rice, fungi, Libya.

Abstract

Aims: In the present work, the Libyan wild-growing Thymus capitatus essential oil (EO) was evaluated for its biological properties.

Methods and results: Carvacrol (68.19%) and thymol (12.29%) were found to be the main compounds of the oil. Antioxidant properties, determined by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, revealed that IC50 values were 119, 403 and 105 μg ml(-1) for oil, thymol and carvacrol respectively. Microdilution method showed strong antibacterial and especially antifungal potential. Tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay indicated moderate cytotoxicity towards human cell lines MRC-5, HCT 116 and HT-29 (IC50 = 30-150 μg ml(-1)). In adhesion-inhibition assay oil and main compounds reduced adhesion of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes on colon cells HT-29 (51 and 39% of inhibition against L. monocytogenes and E. coli respectively).

Conclusions: Essential oil of Th. capitatus showed moderate cytotoxic activity, together with excellent antimicrobial effect, in particular against fungi, and significant potential to reduce pathogen colonization in colon.

Background

The use of mosquito coils is a common method of protection against mosquito bites and mosquito borne diseases. These coils are widely marketed and used by households in Malaysia to prevent mosquito associated problems.

Objective

To determine the bioefficacy of commercial d-allethrin and d-trans allethrin spatial repellents against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti.

Method

We evaluated the knockdown and mortality effects of spatial repellents containing d-allethrin (0.3% w/w) and d-trans allethrin (0.1% and 0.15% w/w) on Ae. aegypti in a Peet Grady Chamber, relative to a reference product (0.2% w/w d-allethrin).

Results

The spatial repellent containing 0.3% d-allethrin had the shortest knockdown times (KT₅₀ and KT₉₀) and these were significantly different from the other products including the reference coil except the 0.15% d-trans allethrin coil. The spatial repellent containing 0.3% d-allethrin elicited a mortality response of 96%, which was significantly different from the mortality response to the other coils, except for the 0.15% d-trans allethrin formulation.

Conclusions

Spatial repellents containing 0.3% d-allethrin or 0.15% d-trans allethrin had higher efficacies against Ae. aegypti than repellents containing 0.2% w/w d-allethrin or 0.1% d-trans allethrin and their use by households could offer better relief from Ae. aegypti

Since the gender diversity of boards and reporting of earnings are two most debated issues in the corporate world, the paper examined how the presence of women directors on the corporate board influence earnings management practices. We found that firms with a higher number of female and independent female directors are adopting restrained earnings management practices in the UK. We further made a distinction between complex (high debt) and simple (low debt) companies, and the outcomes reveal that female directors have a positive effect on the earnings management in simple companies. The paper contributes to the debate on gender diversity on boards, and its impact on the use of accounting discretion in financial reporting.