The purpose of this study was to see how non-antibiotic growth boosters such as Probiotic, Prebiotic, Synbiotic, and medicinal herbs (Mixture of Origanum majorana, Foeniculum vulgare, and Carum carvi in a 1:1:1 ratio) affected carcass yield, immune response, blood hematological, and biochemical parameters in broilers fed test diets with two dietary protein levels (normal and low). The research was conducted at Alexandria University, Poultry Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture. The trial lasted 42 days in total. A total of 500 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks with similar average live body weight were assigned to one of ten treatment groups. Each treatment has five replicates with ten chicks each. Ten experimental diets were developed to be nearly is caloric and to provide all nutrients required for broiler growth throughout two stages of development: starter diets (1 - 21 days) and grower diets (22 - 42 days). Ten experimental diets were made up of five feed-additive programs and two amounts of crude protein (recommended or low, 85 percent of recommended) (control, probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic and medicinal plants). Among the additives, synbiotic had a positive effect on the WBCs, RBCs, in general, especially the Fabricius bursa Under the conditions of the current study, synbiotic had a significant impact on hematological parameters, carcass yield, and immunological organs of broiler. Furthermore, more research is required to confirm the existing findings.

It is expected that website design can lead to online trust, although research that systematically examines such a relationship is little. In addition, far too little attention has been paid to understand the effect of website design on e-trust across gender. In this study, therefore, three elements of website design (visual design, information design, and navigation design) are examined for their effect on consumer trust in e-commerce. Using data collected from 532 online shoppers, the overall model was first tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The research model was then tested for each gender group separately. The results of the study indicated that website design is an important factor in establishing trust in e-commerce. Our results further revealed that website information design is more important to males than females in forming e-trust, while website navigation design is more important to females …

This study seeks to understand the potential heterogeneous effects of corporate social responsibility on earnings management. Theoretical explanations for these effects tend to support both positive and negative effects, with different degree of assertiveness, while empirical studies align with the theoretical explanations in providing contradictory findings. We find that corporate social disclosure does in general restrict the size of discretionally accruals. This effect is larger in the upper part of the conditional distribution of discretionary accruals. In other words, firms that overuse discretionary accruals are disproportionally more constrained in their ability to continue to do so compared to firms that less often employ such practices. Furthermore, for the firms which apply relatively modest amount for earnings management, this constraining effect does not appear at all. Interestingly the effects of other determinants of earnings management seem to follow the same broadly defined pattern.

This study used the fractional B-spline collocation technique to obtain the numerical solution of fractal-fractional differential equations. The technique was considered to solve the fractal-fractional differential equations (FFDEs) with (). In this suggested technique, the B-spline of fractional order was utilised in the collocation technique. The scheme was easily attained, efficient, and relatively precise with reduced computational work numerical findings. Via the proposed technique, FFDEs can be reduced for solving a system of linear algebraic equations using an appropriate numerical approach. The verified numerical illustrative experiments were presented will show the effectiveness of the technique proposed in this study in solving FFDEs in three cases of nonlocal integral and differential operators namely power law kernel, when the kernels are exponential and the generalization of Mittag-Leffler kernel. The approximate solution is very good and accurate to the exact solution.

SUMMARY

This thesis entitled comprises four chapters and ends with alist of references.

The first chapter covers the literature up to date of the reaction of nucleophilic substitution reactions and their different mechanisms.then describes .of preparation of the methods

the procedure used to determina the rate constant for the reaction and kinetic data

then deals the discussion and interpretation of the results from the above mentioned reaction .

application of Hammett relationship . and application of Bronsted equation