Malaysia is a country of numerous natural wonders, which include a collection of impressive cave formations. Found all over the country, these caves contain rock art and wall paintings. The samples were collected from wall surfaces painted caves of Niah, Sarawak, and Tempurung, Perak. Three cyanobacterial genera, have been characterized using a polyphasic approach by comparing phenotypic characteristics, using a light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Molecular characteristics, by confirmed their identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The microflora from both sampling locations was represented by three cyanobacteria morphospecies, Synechococcus sp. (18.78%), Gloeocapsa sp. (12.20%), Chroococcus sp. (4.94%). The photomicrographs of all the dominant microalgae recorded. Synechococcus sp. a cylindrical oblong elliptical unicellular or sometimes 2 to 4 cells as a result of cell division. Under SEM Synechococcus sp. cells were cylindrical to oblong 2.6 μm in diameter and 3.8μm long. The cells were enclosed in hyaline mucilage and with cells usually aggregating in large numbers to form colonies. Gloeocapsa sp. cells were spherical, blue- green homogeneous contents, enclosed by wide colorless sheaths, of diameter 2-4μm, with sheaths 4-8μm. Chloroococcus sp. cells were spherical, sometimes hemispherical after division, united cell in colonies of two sheath, sheath is colorless and the individual cells were large; 20-28μm in diameter. According to DNA sequence analysis, cyanobacteria l was closely related to Synechococcus sp, (99% similarity), cyanobacteria ll was found to be similar to Gloeocapsa sp. (97% similarity) and cyanobacteria lll was Chroococcus sp. (95% similarity). This study, used chemicals agents to control cyanobacteria from both sampling locations, by (NaOCl), (Ca(OCl)2) and (H₂O₂). The result showed that, 5% H₂O₂, Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl gave a significant difference (p˂0.05) on the growth of cyanobacteria. However, the effect of 15% H₂O₂ was not significantly different (p˃0.05) with Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl at 10, 15, and 30 minutes exposure, only 5 minutes exposure was significant (p˂0.05)

Linking and publishing data in the Linked Open Data format increases the interoperability and discoverability of resources over the Web. To accomplish this, the process comprises several design decisions, based on the Linked Data principles that, on one hand, recommend to use standards for the representation and the access to data on the Web, and on the other hand to set hyperlinks between data from different sources. Despite the efforts of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), being the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web, there is no one tailored formula for publishing data as Linked Data. In addition, the quality of the published Linked Open Data (LOD) is a fundamental issue, and it is yet to be thoroughly managed and considered. In this doctoral thesis, the main objective is to design and implement a novel framework for selecting, analyzing, converting, interlinking, and publishing data from diverse sources, simultaneously paying great attention to quality assessment throughout all steps and modules of the framework. The goal is to examine whether and to what extent are the Semantic Web technologies applicable for merging data from different sources and enabling end-users to obtain additional information that was not available in individual datasets, in addition to the integration into the Semantic Web community space. Additionally, the Ph.D. thesis intends to validate the applicability of the process in the specific and demanding use case, i.e. for creating and publishing an Arabic Linked Drug Dataset, based on open drug datasets from selected Arabic countries and to discuss the quality issues observed in the linked data life-cycle. To that end, in this doctoral thesis, a Semantic Data Lake was established in the pharmaceutical domain that allows further integration and developing different business services on top of the integrated data sources. Through data representation in an open machine-readable format, the approach offers an optimum solution for information and data dissemination for building domain-specific applications, and to enrich and gain value from the original dataset. This thesis showcases how the pharmaceutical domain benefits from the evolving research trends for building competitive advantages. However, as it is elaborated in this thesis, a better understanding of the specifics of the Arabic language is required to extend linked data technologies utilization in targeted Arabic organizations.

Abstract

Water and soil pollution pose a double whammy to environmental sustainability by endangering ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. This article discusses the causes and connections between these two forms of pollution: inappropriate waste disposal, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste discharge. The study focuses on how contaminants in soil may find their way into water bodies and how polluted water deteriorates soil quality, which in turn causes more environmental damage. Comprehensive policies incorporating sustainable practices and regulatory measures are necessary to safeguard natural resources for future generations. Using a qualitative methodology, this study will investigate the connection between soil and water contamination. In addition to field observations in impacted locations, data will be gathered through interviews with community people, local authorities, and environmental specialists. This research will also examine secondary data from case studies and reports. Thematic and content analysis will be employed to find important themes and insights. The objective is to offer a more thorough comprehension of the connections between these two pollution categories and suggest practical remedies for environmental sustainability.

Keywords- Water, Soil, Pollution, Environmental, Sustainability.

Abstract

Waste made of plastic has become a major source of water contamination, endangering both human health and ecosystems. To disrupt aquatic life, damage biodiversity, and get into the food chain, this research investigates how microplastics and larger plastic trash pollute water bodies. The report emphasizes the risks that plastic pollution poses to the ecosystem and human health, including its harmful effects and long-term persistence. To address this expanding worldwide concern, strategies for minimizing this issue are presented, reducing the use of plastic, improving trash disposal methods, and promoting sustainable substitutes. This study will use a quantitative approach to assess the impact of plastic waste on water pollution and its effects on ecosystems and human health. Data will be collected through water sampling to measure the concentration of microplastics and larger plastic debris in various water bodies. Statistical analysis will be performed to identify correlations between pollution levels and changes in aquatic biodiversity, as well as health risks associated with plastic contamination. The findings will provide quantitative evidence to support strategies aimed at reducing plastic pollution and improving waste management practices.