ABSTRACT

The conversion of heavy hydrocarbons to gasoline is a crucial process in the petroleum industry, utilizing various refining techniques such as catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, thermal cracking, and coking. This study looks at the environmental effects of the chemical processes that turn heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter products like gasoline. After a thorough literature review, this study uses qualitative methodology to examine the impact of the chemical process that converts heavy hydrocarbons to gasoline on the environment. This study's systematic approach to literature selection prioritizes peer-reviewed sources and respected industry publications to ensure the validity and trustworthiness of the results. According to the results, converting heavy hydrocarbons into gasoline is one of the most essential operations in the petroleum industry as it ensures fuel supply for transportation and industry. Coking, hydrocracking, thermal cracking, and catalytic cracking are some chemical processes that pose significant environmental risks. These activities cause climate change and global warming because Carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are among the greenhouse gases released. These efforts result in air pollution, elements that cause smog, acid rain, and other adverse health effects, such as sulfur oxides (SO₃), nitrogen oxides (NO₃), and particulate matter.

Keywords- Chemical, Processes, Environment, Heavy Hydrocarbons, Gasoline.

The purpose of this study was to see how non-antibiotic growth boosters such as Probiotic, Prebiotic, Synbiotic, and medicinal herbs (Mixture of Origanum majorana, Foeniculum vulgare, and Carum carvi in a 1:1:1 ratio) affected carcass yield, immune response, blood hematological, and biochemical parameters in broilers fed test diets with two dietary protein levels (normal and low). The research was conducted at Alexandria University, Poultry Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture. The trial lasted 42 days in total. A total of 500 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks with similar average live body weight were assigned to one of ten treatment groups. Each treatment has five replicates with ten chicks each. Ten experimental diets were developed to be nearly is caloric and to provide all nutrients required for broiler growth throughout two stages of development: starter diets (1 - 21 days) and grower diets (22 - 42 days). Ten experimental diets were made up of five feed-additive programs and two amounts of crude protein (recommended or low, 85 percent of recommended) (control, probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic and medicinal plants). Among the additives, synbiotic had a positive effect on the WBCs, RBCs, in general, especially the Fabricius bursa Under the conditions of the current study, synbiotic had a significant impact on hematological parameters, carcass yield, and immunological organs of broiler. Furthermore, more research is required to confirm the existing findings.

It is expected that website design can lead to online trust, although research that systematically examines such a relationship is little. In addition, far too little attention has been paid to understand the effect of website design on e-trust across gender. In this study, therefore, three elements of website design (visual design, information design, and navigation design) are examined for their effect on consumer trust in e-commerce. Using data collected from 532 online shoppers, the overall model was first tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The research model was then tested for each gender group separately. The results of the study indicated that website design is an important factor in establishing trust in e-commerce. Our results further revealed that website information design is more important to males than females in forming e-trust, while website navigation design is more important to females …

This study seeks to understand the potential heterogeneous effects of corporate social responsibility on earnings management. Theoretical explanations for these effects tend to support both positive and negative effects, with different degree of assertiveness, while empirical studies align with the theoretical explanations in providing contradictory findings. We find that corporate social disclosure does in general restrict the size of discretionally accruals. This effect is larger in the upper part of the conditional distribution of discretionary accruals. In other words, firms that overuse discretionary accruals are disproportionally more constrained in their ability to continue to do so compared to firms that less often employ such practices. Furthermore, for the firms which apply relatively modest amount for earnings management, this constraining effect does not appear at all. Interestingly the effects of other determinants of earnings management seem to follow the same broadly defined pattern.

 The groundwater aquifers in Azintan, northwestern Libya suffer from an acute shortage of water. The groundwater was evaluated to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes from major two aquifers in north and south of Azintan area. This study carried out to assess the groundwater quality and to identify major affecting variables. Twelve samples from the two aquifers were collected. The two aquifers were collected and analyzed for total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, SO4^2-, CO3^2- and HCO3^-. The results show that, the groundwater in many places is dominated by higher concentrations of Cl^-, SO4^2- and HCO3^-. Two water types were recognized in this region are Cl-SO4- Na-Ca and Cl-SO4-Na. Gibbs and Piper method, as well as the hardness, soluble sodium percentage and the permeability index all have been used to assess the diagram quality of the groundwater of aquifers. Further, the multiple correlations and Cluster Analysis of groundwater quality parameters were carried out for further classification and interpretation of the groundwater quality. Finally, water qualities in the study area are compared with Libyan standards and WHO guidelines of drinking water and irrigation  purposes.